“…1,2 PSE is caused by portosystemic shunts (PSS), including splenorenal (SR) shunts, gastrorenal (GR) shunts, superior mesenteric vein (SMV) systemic shunts, inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) systemic shunts and portal vein (PV) inferior vena cava (IVC) shunts. PSE can be treated with surgery or interventional radiology, [3][4][5][6][7][8] or medication. 9,10 Surgical treatment is ligation of shunts.…”