Treatment of 250 t/h Ballast Water in Oceanic Ships Using ·OH Radicals Based on Strong Electric-Field Discharge

Brine Effluents: Characteristics, Environmental Impacts, and Their Handling

“…In addition, UV irradiation is not effective for removal of large organisms and highly depends on the clarity of the water [103]. On the other hand, the electrolysis of ballast water can generate byproducts, especially hydrogen gas (H 2 ) that has a potential risk of explosion, and the performance is affected by various conditions such as salinity [104]. Oxidizing methods such as chlorination and ozonation can promote the generation of disinfection by products (DBPs) when the disinfectant reacts with chloride and bromide, as presented in [105].…”

Evaluation of the ecotoxicity and biological efficacy of ship’s ballast water treatment based on hydroxyl radicals technique

“…2. Bai et al (2012) have shown that the plasma discharge of strong electric-field in a whole micro-gap consists of large numbers of micro-streamer channels where the electrons can obtain high energy to induce an ''electron avalanche''. The high-energy electrons could break the chemical bonds of oxygen and little water at gas phase to form free radicals and/or ions, further producing active oxygen compounds like followed by a series of plasma chemistry reactions, such as O þ 2 ; O 3 ; H 2 O þ ; H 2 OÞ2; O À 2 ; HO Å 2 ; HO Å 3 ; and HO À 2 .…”

“…For electrolysis, the efficiency varies according to water conditions (salinity, pH, temperature, etc. ), and by-products, especially hydrogen (H 2 ), have a potential risk of explosion onboard (Bai et al, 2012). Ozonation is especially effective at killing micro-organisms, but can produce bromate and other by-products which may cause adverse environmental impacts (Lloyd's Register, 2011).…”

“…Bai et al (2005;2010) have shown that a novel Å OH radicals technology utilizing strong electric field discharge is effective against a wide range of organisms with 100% killing rate in ballast water. Shipboard trials of 250 tons per hour of Å OH-based ballast water treatment system (BWTS) have been conducted (Bai et al, 2012).…”

Atmospheric Pressure Gas–Liquid Diffuse Nanosecond Pulse Discharge Used for Sterilization in Sewage

“…They found that the increase of phenol degradation was mainly caused by the additional OH radicals and ozone oxidation produced by the gas phase discharge in argon and in oxygen, respectively. Bai studied the degradation effects of hydroxyl radicals on algae and bacteria in ships' ballast waters using strong electric‐field discharges, and an effective method for fast killing of algae and bacteria in ships' ballast waters was presented. However, the transition to arc or spark mode of the discharge channels caused by instability of the gas discharge, e.g., thermal instability, electron instability, etc., is easily formed when dielectric‐free electrodes are used.…”