Treatment consideration and manifest complexity in comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders

Abstract

Psychiatric disorders may co-occur in the same individual. These include, for example, substance abuse or obsessive-compulsive disorder with schizophrenia, and movement disorders or epilepsy with affective dysfunctional states. Medications may produce iatrogenic effects, for example cognitive impairments that co-occur with the residual symptoms of the primary disorder being treated. The observation of comorbid disorders in some cases may reflect diagnostic overlap. Impulsivity, impulsiveness or impulsive behaviour is implicated in a range of diagnostic conditions including substance abuse, affective disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. These observations suggest a need to re-evaluate established diagnostic criteria and disorder definitions, focusing instead on symptoms and symptom-profiles.

Influence of affective personality on cognition-mediated emotional processing: Need for empowerment

“…Both Study I and Study II demonstrated that "Self-destructive" individuals expressed a markedly higher external locus of control orientation in comparison with "Self-fulfilling" individuals. Recently, it was indicated that external locus of control predicted NA in a population of 305 high school students 73 . Interestingly, we have found too, in another study of profession workers, that the "Self-fulfilling" individuals expressed significantly higher internal locus of control and selfimage than the "Self-destructive" individuals 74 .…”

Differences in Happiness-Increasing Strategies Between and Within Affective Profiles

“…In this line of thought, Archer, Garcia and colleagues have developed the affective profile model, which comprises four profiles: self-destructive (low positive affect, high negative affect), high affective (high positive affect, high negative affect), low affective (low positive affect, low negative affect), and self-fulfilling (high positive affect, low negative affect) [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. These studies have shown that individuals' levels of energy and optimism are higher among those with a selffulfilling profile than among individuals with any of the other three affective profiles [20].…”

Functional and Structural MRI Studies on Impulsiveness: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorders

“…The construct incorporates motor impulsiveness, inability to tolerate delays, lack of planning and an incapacity for self-control. Impulsiveness, with or without aggressiveness, has been associated with a range of personality disorders and other psychopathologies (Haden and Shiva, 2008;Krishnan-Sarin et al, 2007;Palomo et al, 2007a;Reynolds, 2006;Shiva et al, 2009), with impulse control difficulties often of primary diagnostic importance (e.g., Pfefferbaum & Wood, 1994;Quirk and McCormick, 1998). A variety of linear regression analyses based upon several selfreport questionnaire studies including a range of cognitive-emotional personal attributes have indicated that impulsiveness is predicted by negative affect, amotivation and depressiveness and counterpredicted by positive affect and internal locus of control in healthy volunteers (Palomo et al, 2008a, b; but see also Miller et al, 2009).…”