Treatment and Outcome of Horses With Cutaneous Pythiosis, and Meta-Analysis of Similar Reports

Elkhenany, Hoda; Nabil, Shady; Abu-Ahmed, Howaida M.; Mahmoud, Hassan; Korritum, Ahmed S.; Khalifa, Hoda

doi:10.26873/svr-767-2019

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Due to similarities in geographic distribution and suspicion of an environmental acquired etiologic agent in NCS, it has been proposed that Pythium insidiosum is the causative agent of NCS and vaccination against Pythium has been proposed as a treatment or prophylaxis of NCS in horses; however, no evidence exists to support this claim. 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 Pythium insidiosum was evaluated via validated PCR method and the agent was not identified in any sample, suggesting that this etiologic agent is unlikely to be the cause of NCS in horses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nasopharyngeal bacterial and fungal microbiota in normal horses and horses with nasopharyngeal cicatrix syndrome

Rodríguez

Whitfield-Cargile

Chamoun‐Emanuelli

et al. 2021

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background The nasopharyngeal bacterial and fungal microbiota of normal horses and those with nasopharyngeal cicatrix syndrome (NCS) are unknown. Hypotheses/Objectives To describe the microbiota from nasopharyngeal washes of healthy horses and of horses acutely affected with NCS. Animals Twenty‐six horses acutely affected with NCS horses and 14 unaffected horses. Methods Prospective, observational cohort study. Horses were recruited by investigators through personal communications in central Texas. Bacterial (16s RNA) and fungal (internal transcribed spacer) microbiota from nasopharyngeal washes were evaluated. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Pythium insidiosum was performed. Results Results indicated that 6 fungal genera (Alternaria, Bipolaris, Microascus, Spegazzinia, Paraconiothyrium, Claviceps) and 1 bacterial genera (Staphylococcus) were significantly different between affected and unaffected horses. The fungal genus Bipolaris had increased abundance in NCS affected horses and on NCS affected farms. Pythium insidiosum was absent in the nasopharyngeal wash of all horses, irrespective of health status. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Significant differences were identified in the fungal microbiota in horses affected with NCS and farms affected with NCS compared to those unaffected. Therefore, Bipolaris warrants further investigation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nasopharyngeal bacterial and fungal microbiota in normal horses and horses with nasopharyngeal cicatrix syndrome

Rodríguez

Whitfield-Cargile

Chamoun‐Emanuelli

et al. 2021

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…Lower seroprevalence (0.7 vs. 11.1%) and fewer horses than in the Rio Grande do Sul State of Brazil (6,353 vs. 550,000) [25,27] explain why the number of horses with pythiosis in Thailand is minimal with just one case reported to date [28] vs. hundreds of Brazilian horses reported with the disease [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. The striking difference in seroprevalences of the Thai (0.7%) and Brazilian (11.1%) horses could imply that Thai people, by comparison, might have a lower chance of having environmental exposure to P. insidiosum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An initial survey of 150 horses from Thailand for anti-Pythium insidiosum antibodies

Htun

Laikul

Pathomsakulwong

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Objectives: Pythium insidiosum causes a deadly condition, called pythiosis, in humans and other animals. The organism has been identified in tropical and subtropical environments worldwide. Since 1985, human pythiosis has been increasingly reported from Thailand. Seroprevalence studies estimated that ~32,000 Thai people have been exposed to the pathogen. In 2018, the first animal pythiosis case in Thailand was diagnosed in a horse. In this study, we surveyed anti-P. insidiosum antibodies in a sample of the Thai equine population. Results: Serum samples were available from 150 out of 6,353 registered horses distributed across Thailand. ELISA detected the anti-P. insidiosum antibodies in three horses. Immunochromatography and Western blot confirmed the presence of the antibodies in one of the ELISA-positive horses. Based on one positive out of 150 tested, the Pythium seroprevalence in the Thai equine population was 0.7%, which is 10 times higher than that of the Thai human population. The seroprevalence of the anti-P. insidiosum antibodies in a small sample of horses suggests a higher incidence of pythiosis in horses than in humans. Larger studies will be necessary to obtain the full picture of the epidemiology of animal pythiosis in Thailand.

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“…Animals with pythiosis predominantly manifested with a cutaneous/subcutaneous infection at the face, limb, thorax, or abdomen (n = 3082; 89.8% of all affected animals; Table 3) [138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149]. To a much lesser extent, some affected animals (n = 350; 10.2%) came with clinical manifestations associated with gastrointestinal (n = 249; 7.3%), disseminated (n = 25; 0.7%), pulmonary (n = 4; 0.1%), or other organ (n = 5; 0.1%) infection (Table 3).…”

Section: Clinical Features Of Pythiosis In Humans and Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Distribution and Clinical Features of Pythiosis in Humans and Animals

Yolanda

Krajaejun

2022

JoF

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Pythiosis is a difficult-to-treat infectious disease caused by Pythium insidiosum. The condition is unfamiliar among healthcare workers. Manifestation of pythiosis is similar to other fungal infections, leading to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. The geographical extent of pythiosis at a global scale is unclear. This study aimed to analyze the clinical information recorded in the scientific literature to comprehensively project epidemiological characteristics, clinical features, and future trends of pythiosis. From 1980 to 2021, 4203 cases of pythiosis in humans (n = 771; 18.3%) and animals (primarily horse, dog, and cow; n = 3432; 81.7%), with an average of 103 cases/year, were recruited. Pythiosis case reports significantly increased in the last decade. Pythiosis spanned 23 tropical, subtropical, and temperate countries worldwide. Some patients acquired pythiosis from a trip to an endemic country. Strikingly, 94.3% of human cases were in India and Thailand, while 79.2% of affected animals were in the U.S.A. and Brazil. Clinical features of pythiosis varied. Vascular and ocular pythiosis were only observed in humans, whereas cutaneous/subcutaneous and gastrointestinal infections were predominant in animals. Mortality depended on host species and clinical forms: for example, none in patients with ocular pythiosis, 0.7% in cows with a cutaneous lesion, 26.8% in humans with vascular disease, 86.4% in dogs with gastrointestinal pathology, and 100% in several animals with disseminated infection. In summary, this study reports up-to-date epidemiological and clinical features of pythiosis in humans and animals. It increases awareness of this life-threatening disease, as the illness or outbreak can exist in any country, not limited to the endemic areas.

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Treatment and Outcome of Horses With Cutaneous Pythiosis, and Meta-Analysis of Similar Reports

Cited by 5 publications

References 35 publications

Nasopharyngeal bacterial and fungal microbiota in normal horses and horses with nasopharyngeal cicatrix syndrome

Nasopharyngeal bacterial and fungal microbiota in normal horses and horses with nasopharyngeal cicatrix syndrome

An initial survey of 150 horses from Thailand for anti-Pythium insidiosum antibodies

Global Distribution and Clinical Features of Pythiosis in Humans and Animals

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