Treatment alternatives for compliance with the Stage 2 D/DBPR: An economic update

Roy, Alistair

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2010.tb10071.x

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…An increase in TOC will generally result in an increase in chlorine demand which will in turn create an increase in DBP formation [6][7][8][9]. If precursors to DBP formation in the system are not maintained properly it could result in a failure to meet the Stage 2 DPBR in 2012.…”

Section: Project Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey of river versus lake water supplied to a drinking water treatment plant in Alabama

Nabors¹,

Barron²,

Heberling³

2011

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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Raw water quality, specifically total organic carbon (TOC) and chlorine demand, are of particular concern to the treatment process due to upcoming tightening regulations. To address this, the Birmingham Water Works Board developed the following study in an effort to further improve finished water quality. This year a survey was performed at Shades Mountain Filter Plant (SMFP) to monitor the influent water quality to the plant. The objective was to evaluate the difference in chlorine demand and TOC for the two primary source waters, Cahaba River and Lake Purdy. Initially sampling was performed at the following locations throughout the SMFP system: Upstream Cahaba River, Cahaba Pump Station, Lake Purdy, Bottom of Lake Purdy dam, Bridge located downstream from Lake Purdy, SMFP receiving basin, SMFP flume or rapid mix. These sites were chosen for their ability to provide information on each water source independently as well as information pertaining to their combination at SMFP. Sampling occurred during and/or after several weather events to capture all weather variations. Initial results suggested that Lake Purdy had higher TOC than the Cahaba River. Consequently, the Little Cahaba site was added approximately two miles downstream of Lake Purdy just before the junction of the two source waters. It will provide crucial information as to what the water quality of Lake Purdy is just before it is combined with the Cahaba River and sent to the plant as a blend. Evaluation of the water quality at this new site downstream from the lake is important because it will help determine if additional pre-treatment or reservoir treatment will be beneficial.

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Section: Project Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey of river versus lake water supplied to a drinking water treatment plant in Alabama

Nabors¹,

Barron²,

Heberling³

2011

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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“…For this reason it is manufactured at water treatment facilities by plasma discharge, which has become a more prevalent method of water treatment [9]. Chlorine treatment is generally accepted as being more economical than ozone treatment [10], although this position has been disputed by the ozone water treatment community [11]. This has driven researchers towards improving the efficacy of the ozone treatment process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface DBD plasma microbubble reactor for degrading methylene blue

et al. 2023

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Water contaminants such as endocrine inhibitors, pharmaceuticals, and chlorine treatment by-products are only recently being identified as significant hazards to human health. Since current chlorine treatment does not address many of these compounds and conventional ozone processing is not seen as an economic alternative, water adjacent plasma treatment has been investigated as a more efficient and effective decontamination method. This work investigates the use of a surface dielectric barrier discharge electrode as a reduced discharge voltage portable plasma water treatment method. The gas passes through holes in the electrodes, normal to the discharge surface, so that the entire cross-sectional area of the feed gas is exposed to plasma, prior to passing through a hydrophobic filter and bubbling into the water. The decontamination effectiveness is quantified by measuring the degradation of methylene blue with absorption spectroscopy. Studies of the different processing parameters (treatment time, solution volume, initial concentration, electrode-filter distance, and gas flow rate) clarify the potential range of performance for this plasma treatment configuration. The setup has a yield energy of 0.45 g/kW h at 25 ml of 1 mg / 100 ml methylene blue treated over 5 minutes for a 92% degradation. The degradation rate is dependent upon the volume ratio of air to methylene blue solution, suggesting a first order chemical reaction process. The reaction rate is increased by increasing the quantity of either reactant. There is no change in the degradation between when the plasma is 1mm or 1cm from the water surface.

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“…Beginning January 2012, the Stage 2 Disinfection By-product Rule (DBPR) will mandate stringent regulations as to the amount of DBPs that will be present in finished drinking water [9]. Research suggests that reduced total organic carbon (TOC), a subset of natural organic matter, will produce less DBPs in the distribution system [8,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. If the biological GAC, or GAC post-adsorption, can further decrease the amount of TOC that is present in finished drinking water then GAC may prove to be a costeffective option after all.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A demonstration-scale evaluation of GAC as biologically removing TOC from drinking water in Alabama

Nabors¹,

Heberling²,

Barron³

et al. 2012

WIT Transactions on the Built Environment

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Granular activated carbon (GAC) media for filtration of drinking water can be used to remove microscopic substances at extremely effective rates though a process of adsorption. Two major problems with GAC are the high start-up costs and the short effective removal timeline before GAC replacement or reactivation. Three years ago, the Birmingham Water Works Board (BWWB), undertook a project sponsored by the Water Research Foundation (WRF) to evaluate GAC for removal of organics, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. These results were published in December 2010. A primary coagulant change at the plant occurred shortly after the initial study and a spin-off study commenced. The GAC filters are continuously monitored for any significant changes in performance. Grab samples including total organic carbon (TOC), heterotrophic plate counts, and nitrates are collected and sent for analysis. Initial results show there is still significant reduction in TOC through the filters. This is important because previous research suggests the media has an adsorption timeline of approximately six months after which GAC media was determined to be biologically active. If GAC is effective at removing organics several years after installation through biofiltration which doesn't require reactivation, it may be a cost effective alternative to current procedures enabling BWWB to meet future regulations on drinking water.

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Treatment alternatives for compliance with the Stage 2 D/DBPR: An economic update

Cited by 5 publications

References 9 publications

A survey of river versus lake water supplied to a drinking water treatment plant in Alabama

A survey of river versus lake water supplied to a drinking water treatment plant in Alabama

Surface DBD plasma microbubble reactor for degrading methylene blue

A demonstration-scale evaluation of GAC as biologically removing TOC from drinking water in Alabama

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