Treatment Ability and Community Responses of Candung as an Appropriate Technology to Maintain Irrigation Water Quality

Abstract

With the burgeoning population, the community activities, such as laundering, washing, or even bathing, have expanded along the irrigation canal. Consequently, some chemicals from those activities are released and pollute the water body. Besides, the discharge of wastewater into the irrigation system is also an issue of public health concern, because it creates an environment conducive to the reproduction of any pathogenic agent. Using candung as constructed wetlands (CW)-like to treat the irrigation water in rice paddies would be an interesting tool for removing pollutants from the irrigation water. Candung, as a locally used CW in Bali Island, has been applied in the rice field long time ago. The present study aimed to examine candung as a local attached CW or treating irrigation water and analyse the community awareness regarding the candung application. The result showed a positive effect of candung in maintaining the water quality parameters, such as TSS, BOD, COD, and nutrients with certain aquatic plants (Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea tetragona, and Pistia stratiotes). The knowledge, behaviour, and action of the local subak community were still limited, whereas they had positive perceptions and responses about candungthe potential of candung as an agrotourism attraction in the village as well.

Azolla for Water and Land Phytoremediation Against Heavy Metals: A Mini Review

“…"Candung" technology can be carried out by treating contaminated water in artificial wetlands with the aim of protecting irrigation water before it enters the rice fields to prevent pollution and ensure food (rice) is safe. This can also be applied to the processing of industrial heavy metal waste [43].…”

Identification and Quantification of Microplastics Contamination in Potato from Malang Raya, Indonesia

“…To minimize MPs pollution in irrigation water at seed farms in Pujon Kidul, two studies would be carried out in future research, namely i) phytoremediation [81,82], ii) use of bio absorbents, including solid waste from coffee processor [83,84], and biochar [79,80].…”

Analysis of the Potential of Rice and Corn in Supporting Food Availability

“…Potential of Rice and Corn Approaches to enhancing food resilience show progression from more ecologically-based methods at small scales to more socially-based interventions at larger scales (Bullock et al 2017). At the field scale, approaches include, a) development of conservation and rehabilitation of agricultural land (Auliyani 2020; Sumantra and Martiningsih 2022); b) preservation of water resources and management of irrigation water (Sumantra et al 2023); c) development and provision of superior seeds and increased productivity through genetic improvement (Yadav et al 2015 ); d) improved cultivation technology (Saiz-Rubio and Rovira-Mas 2020); and e) increased efficiency of post-harvest handling and processing (Kumar and Kalita 2017). At regional to global scales, resilient food systems will be achieved by coordination and implementation of resilience approaches among farms, advice to farmers, and targeted research (Bullock et al 2017).…”