Treatise on the Resolution of the diamond problem after 200 years

Abstract

Abstract:The problem of the physicochemical synthesis of diamond spans more than 200 years, involving many giants of science. Many technologies have been discovered, realized and used to resolve this diamond problem. Here the origin, definition and cause of the diamond problem are presented. The Resolution of the diamond problem is then discussed on the basis of the Little Effect, involving novel roton-phonon driven (antisymmetrical) multi-spin induced orbital orientation, subshell rehybridization and valence shell rotation of radical complexes in quantum fluids under magnetization across thermal, pressure, compositional, and spinor gradients in both space and time. Some experimental evidence of this magnetic quantum Resolution is briefly reviewed and integrated with this recent fruitful discovery. Furthermore, the implications of the Little Effect in comparison to the Woodward-Hoffman Rule are considered. The distinction of the Little Effect from the prior radical pair effect is clarified. The better compatibility of radicals, dangling bonds and magnetism with the diamond lattice relative to the graphitic lattice is discussed. Finally, these novel physicochemical phenomena for the Little Effect are compared with the natural diamond genesis. * corresponding author; email : redge_little@yahoo.com Keywords: diamond, high pressure, plasma deposition, catalytic properties, magnetic properties. Introduction -The Diamond Problem:A long history of giants of science has defined and contributed to the solution of the diamond problem. Section 2 considers the cause of the diamond problem. The list includes Newton, Boyle, Lavoisier, Guillton, Clouet, Karazin, Despretz, Hannay, Moisson, Roozeboom, Jessup, Rossini, Tammann, Parson, Einstein, Leipunski, Bridgman, Berman, Simon, Hershey, von Platen, Lundblad, Hall, Bundy, Strong, Wentorf, Cannon, Eversole, Deryagin, Angus, Fedoseev, Setaka, Matsumoto, Yugo, Linarres, Hemley, Sumiya, and Little. On the basis of these investigators, many technologies have been considered for resolving the diamond problem. These technologies include electric arcs; metal solvents; metal catalysts; electric ovens; electric resistive heaters; anvil vices and presses; electron beams; atomic beams; x-rays, alpha, and beta irradiators; exploding media; rapid lasing and liquid nitrogen quencher; chemical vapor deposition (CVD); hydrogenous plasma and microwave apparatuses; hot filaments; flames; and recently strong magnets. Some of these technologies have resulted in partial successes by the direct method, the indirect method and the H plasma metastable method of forming diamond. The complete Resolution here considers all three of these methods along with natural diamond formation and demonstrates complete Resolution by external magnetization (using external magnetization in conjunction with these three methods and considering intrinsic magnetism in mantle Kimberlite).On this basis, the synthesis and understanding of diamond have developed along side developments in chemistry, physics and engineering dur...

Ionization equilibrium at the transition from valence-band to acceptor-band migration of holes in boron-doped diamond

“…4. Studies of electrical properties of diamond become especially relevant due to the development of effective technologies for the synthesis of perfect crystalline films and massive (bulk) diamond samples, [5][6][7] and to the broader application of such materials.…”

Diamond synthesis in aluminum matrix in molten alkali-halide at ambient pressure

“…Nowadays, the primary industrial diamond synthesis method is a solution-melt metal-carbon synthesis at high pressures (temperatures of 1400-1600°С, pressures of 50-60 GPa) [2][3][4][5]. Graphite, or other carbon-containing compounds, and metals or iron, nickel, cobalt, platinum or palladium alloys are typically used as a load.…”

Raman Spectroscopy of Temperature Induced Effects in Four Carbon Allotropes

“…Furthermore, the interest in carbon allotropes structures has increased enormously in recent years, especially because of the discovery of the nanotubes, fullerenes, and graphene among others. 1,2 The diamond, which has sp 3 bonding type, covers applications ranging from important abrasive material to the precious gem use in jewelery. 2 The graphite, which has sp 2 bonding type, comprises infinite layers of 2D sheets of graphene and has lubricant properties similar to the longest-known forms of pure carbon familiar from everyday life.…”

“…1,2 The diamond, which has sp 3 bonding type, covers applications ranging from important abrasive material to the precious gem use in jewelery. 2 The graphite, which has sp 2 bonding type, comprises infinite layers of 2D sheets of graphene and has lubricant properties similar to the longest-known forms of pure carbon familiar from everyday life. 3 Graphene continues to attract immense interest, mostly due to its unusual electronic properties and thermal properties, strictly two-dimensional nature 4-6 displaying a perfect hexagonal arrangement of atoms similar to a honeycomb.…”

“…It is the characteristic diagnostic feature for the diamond Raman spectrum and its polarization properties and temperature dependence have been examined. 2 The line shape of the 2D peak has been widely used to distinguish single-layer graphene from multilayered graphene films, while the strength of the D mode is indicative of degree of short-range disorder in the sample. Recent Raman studies on graphene have demonstrated that both the frequency and the line width of the G mode can be used to monitor the doping level.…”