Treating Back Produced Polymer to Enable Use of Conventional Water Treatment Technologies

Abstract

Chemical EOR is starting to pick-up in the industry in the last 10 years due to the high oil cost and lower chemical costs. Preparing the solution for injection is the well established part of the process. However, treatment of the fluids coming from chemical flooded projects is one of the main risks associated with Chemical EOR processes. There are a number of processing difficulties which is caused by the back produced chemicals. Including tighter emulsions, heater fouling and other water treatment challenges. The back produced polymer is recognized as a risk that need to be addressed and mitigated as early as possible for any polymer project. In a field in the Sultanate of Oman, a polymer flood project was initiated early 2010. As part of the project, induced gas flotation and filtration units were installed in order to treat the produced water to the required specification for polymer solution preparation and injection. The required specification is 5 ppm (w) OIW and 2 ppm (w) TSS at the outlet of the filtration stage. This specification is required for polymer preparation and water injection. The molecular weight of the polymer coming back from the reservoir was measured to be in the range of 7 to 10 million Dalton molecular weight. Induced gas flotation technologies are accelerated gravity separation process. If the viscosity of the continuous phase increases, the raising velocity of the oil droplets reduces. It is then very essential for the viscosity of the continuous phase (water) to be maintained. It was found that the performance of the flotation cell decreases dramatically if the viscosity of the water increases more than 1.5-2 cP (at 7.0 s-1 shear rate) by using bench-top IGF trials. Mechanical and chemical means of breaking the HPAM polymer is investigated in this paper to decrease the viscosity of the produced water to a level that will enable the flotation technology to maintain performance to allow a method to be used in the field where these conventional technologies has been already installed. A success criteria was set which is the ability of the method to reduce the viscosity to the range of 1.5 – 2 cP. In terms of mechanical means to break the polymer, it was found that shearing through valves by differential pressure of 40 bars decreases the viscosity to about 2 cP using both higher molecular weight polymer or lower molecular weight polymer and it was more effective than 3-stages centrifugal pump. The main disadvantage of the mechanical shearing is the formation of smaller oil droplet through the shearing and smaller oil droplet which means slower raising velocity in the flotation cells. An attempt was carried out to quantify the effect of the pressure drop on the droplet size distribution. However, the starting droplet size was already in the range of 10 micron. It was observed that there is a small reduction in the droplet size from 10 micron to around 7 microns when the pressure drop is about 40 bars. In terms of chemical means to break the polymer, Sodium hypochlorite was the most effective chemical to break the HPAM polymer. The required dosage rate is in the range of 50 −100 ppm to achieve 1.5-2 cP (at 7.0 s-1 shear rate). In the presence of H2S in the water, it was observed that the dosage rate increases to about 500-1,000 ppm which makes it uneconomical to be implanted in the field. The oxidizer preferentially reacts with H2S to form a colloidal suspension.

Historical and recent observations in polymer floods: An update review

“…• Water treatment costs required to meet water quality standards for polymer preparation, water re-injection and/or water disposal (Al-Kalbani et al, 2014c;Al-Maamari et al, 2014;Batonyi et al, 2016;Henthorne, Walsh & Llano, 2013;Jacob et al, 2015;Rambeau et al, 2014Rambeau et al, & 2015Wu et al, 2013;Yang, L., Zhihua, W., Xianglong, Z., & Shanzhe, W., 2015).…”

“…Marmul polymer flood is also reporting challenges in production facilities (i.e. fouling in crude oil heaters), crude oil dehydration and water treatment for polymer preparation and its re-injection (Al-Kalbani et al, 2014b& 2014c. Challenges faced in Marmul polymer flood are expected at commercial scale projects and experiences gained will contribute supporting ongoing and future pilot tests and field expansions.…”

Operational Challenges and Monitoring of a Polymer Pilot, Matzen Field, Austria

“…To account for possible changes in hydrolysis degree, results are crosschecked with a quantification procedure relying on changes in sample turbidity caused by precipitation of polyacrylamide with hyamin 1622 (Allison et al 1987), which exhibits a differing dependency. No significant differences in results were found, thus implying no change in hydrolysis degree during the flooding process.…”

“…As in other EOR tests (Zheng et al 2011;Wylde et al 2013;Rambeau et al 2014;Al Kalbani et al 2014), several operational challenges have been experienced in separation and water-treatment facilities resulting from polymers.…”

Management of Viscosity of the Back Produced Viscosified Water

“…It has been reported that the viscosity of the back produced water can reach few centipoises. Conventional water treatment technologies are directly impacted by the increase of viscosity (Al Kalbani 2014;Al-Maamari 2014;Zheng 2011). Loss of efficiency can reach more than 50% for flotation devices, and up to 90% for hydrocyclones.…”