Treated wastewater reuse in South Africa: Overview, potential and challenges

Adewumi, James R.; Ilemobade, A. A.; Zyl, J. E. van

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.09.012

Cited by 107 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In order to cope with the increase in water demand, it is proposed to investigate the feasibility of supplying recycled water for non-potable uses to the users. The non-potable uses do not need water to be treated to drinking water-quality standards, as this has proven to be unsustainable [2][3]. Wastewater reuse has an advantage of turning wastewater into a water source instead of a pollutant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on Recycling Urban Wastewater for Non-Potable Uses for Water Conservation

Kumarasamy¹,

Dube²

2016

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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This study aims to investigate the feasibility of recycling urban wastewater for non-potable purposes and to reduce potable water usage in the eThekwini Municipal region in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Three different potential users of recycled water were investigated, including residential households, industrial users, and irrigation schemes. For residential users, the water uses for low-and high-income households were investigated. For industrial use, one particular industry was investigated, and for irrigation schemes, three golf courses were investigated. Some of the factors were expected to affect feasibility, such as economic, social, and environmental issues. In this study economic and environmental feasibility were not considered as we were investigating water conservation. The study showed that industrial and irrigation uses are more feasible options for recycled water reuse as compared to residential use due to the low social acceptance of the project.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on Recycling Urban Wastewater for Non-Potable Uses for Water Conservation

Kumarasamy¹,

Dube²

2016

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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“…Municipal sewage is an anthropogenically contaminated water body or stream which varies significantly depending on its origin and reaction to environmental influences, chiefly rainfall and evaporation (Adewumi et al, 2010). Rainfall dilutes the effluent and evaporation has a concentrating effect (Adewumi et al, 2010;Ahmad et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rainfall dilutes the effluent and evaporation has a concentrating effect (Adewumi et al, 2010;Ahmad et al, 2011). Origins of municipal wastewater may be inclusive of, but not limited to, households, industry and agriculture (Bdour et al, 2009) and its source directly impacts its composition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wastewater treatment technologies currently deployed in South Africa for the treatment of municipal sewage include waste stabilisation ponds (WS) or oxidation ponds (OP), activated sludge plants (AS), bio-filtration (BF), biological nutrient removal (BNR), constructed wetlands (CW), and more (Adewumi et al, 2010;Oller et al, 2011;Tomar and Suthar, 2011). South Africa has approximately 970 municipal WWTWs which together treat an effluent stream of 7 589 000 kℓ·d -1 at an operational cost in excess of ZAR3.5 billion per year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Belmont Valley integrated algae pond system in retrospect

Mambo¹,

Westensee²,

Zuma³

et al. 2014

WSA

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Integrated Algae Pond Systems (IAPS) are a derivation of the Oswald-designed Algal Integrated Wastewater Pond Systems (AIWPS®) and combine the use of anaerobic and aerobic bioprocesses to effect sewage treatment. IAPS technology was introduced to South Africa in 1996 and a pilot plant designed and commissioned at the Belmont Valley WWTW in Grahamstown. The system has been in continual use since implementation, and affords secondarily treated water for reclamation according to its design specifications, which most closely resemble those of the AIWPS Advanced Secondary Process. In this paper IAPS as a municipal sewage treatment technology is re-examined in relation to design and operation, the underpinning biochemistry of nutrient removal by algae is described, and a retrospective is provided on the demonstration system at the Belmont Valley WWTW. In addition to presenting details of the process flow, several shortcomings and/or oversights are highlighted and, in particular, the need for an appropriate tertiary treatment component. However, despite the use of IAPS for sewage treatment in many countries, this technology is still viewed with some scepticism. Thus, a major purpose of this overview is to provide a synthesis of available information on IAPS and an appraisal of its use for municipal sewage treatment.

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“…1 South Africa is a semi-arid country with very little rainfall, resulting in high water stress; as such, individuals in many communities struggle to access potable water. 2 Water scarcity problems can be addressed through the recycling of municipal wastewater for reuse in households -a practice which is increasing worldwide. 3 However, reclaimed water may be a major source of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms, as well as pharmaceutical waste products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofilm formation in surface and drinking water distribution systems in Mafikeng, South Africa

2014

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Poor quality source water and poorly treated reused wastewater may result in poor quality drinking water that has a higher potential to form biofilms. A biofilm is a group of microorganisms which adhere to a surface. We investigated biofilm growth in the drinking water distribution systems in the Mafikeng area, in the North- West Province of South Africa. Analysis was conducted to determine the presence of faecal coliforms, total coliforms, Pseudomonas spp. and Aeromonas spp. in the biofilms. Biofilms were grown on a device that contained copper and galvanised steel coupons. A mini tap filter – a point-of-use treatment device which can be used at a single faucet – was also used to collect samples. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that multi-species biofilms developed on all the coupons as well as on the point-of-use filters. Galvanised steel and carbon filters had the highest density of biofilm. Total coliforms, faecal coliforms and Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from raw water biofilm coupons only. Aeromonas spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from filters. The susceptibility of selected isolates was tested against 11 antibiotics of clinical interest. The most prevalent antibiotic resistance phenotype observed was KF-AP-C-E-OT-K-TM-A. The presence of virulence genes was determined using the polymerase chain reaction. These results indicate that bacteria present in the water have the ability to colonise as biofilms and drinking water biofilms may be a reservoir for opportunistic bacteria including Pseudomonas and Aeromonas species.

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Treated wastewater reuse in South Africa: Overview, potential and challenges

Cited by 107 publications

References 2 publications

Study on Recycling Urban Wastewater for Non-Potable Uses for Water Conservation

Study on Recycling Urban Wastewater for Non-Potable Uses for Water Conservation

The Belmont Valley integrated algae pond system in retrospect

Biofilm formation in surface and drinking water distribution systems in Mafikeng, South Africa

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