TravelSmart/Individualised Marketing in Perth, Western Australia

Fabrication of uniform porosity, all-porous-silicon microstructures and stress/stress gradient control

“…Therefore, given the out-of-plane porosity gradient in PS discussed earlier, the internal film stress will not be uniform but instead incorporate a vertical stress gradient. Previous studies have reported PS anodized under DC conditions which exhibited a 12(%)/µm porosity gradient [21]. This would cause up to 30% porosity change for the 2.5 µm thick PS film typically used in this work, and result in a topto-bottom stress change of more than 10 MPa according to the previous characterization porosity (P)-stress (σ) studies [7].…”

“…The applied current step from high to low, corresponds to increasing the porosity at the top (to P a max in figure 3) and lowering porosity at the bottom of the film (to P min ). This step change in porosity acts to partially compensate for the porosity gradient typically observed in moderately doped PS due to HF depletion during anodization [16,18,21]. When a monotonically decreasing current variation was applied during anodization according to equation ( 1), with a current density ranging from 10 mA cm −2 to 2 mA cm −2 , the ROC was found to increase and depend on the spatial constant D. Figure 7 suggests a value of D = 500 nm was optimum for this current (porosity) range.…”

Achieving Mode Share Targets in Australian Cities through Policy Integration: Are we on Track?

“…James and Brög (2003) report an existing mode share by trips for metropolitan Perth in 2000 of 80 per cent car, 5 per cent public transport and 15 per cent non-motorised modes with a slight trend to greater car orientation since 1986. The difference to Kenworthy and Laube's figures appears to be due to variations in the methodology of data collection.…”

“…If all this development was designed according to New Urbanism principles and delivering the aforementioned savings in car trips, a reduction of 14 000 car trips per day could be realised every year compared to a scenario where the conventional suburban development paradigm continued unabated. -Perth's urban rail programme-the city electrified and substantially extended its heavy rail system in the early 1990s-and associated reorientation of land use planning (Newman & Kenworthy, 1999) inner suburban area of 35 000 inhabitants, achieved a reduction of daily car trips in the order of 8000 (7 per cent), a figure growing to some 44 000 if extrapolated to the 186 000-strong population Western Australia's TravelSmart campaigns have since been, or are planned to be, expanded over (James & Brög, 2003).…”

“…Several Australian cities have also pioneered the application of TravelSmart programmes-behavioural mobility management schemes targeted at local residents and employees with the aim of encouraging greater use of walking, cycling, public transport and car pooling through individualised marketing, information and education campaigns, and 'easy win' solutions in the physical and institutional environment (James & Brög, 2003). TravelSmart programmes have further attracted strong support and partnerships from the public health sector, which promotes the benefits of incidental walking and cycling as preventive measures against obesity, cardiovascular disease and diabetes (Ewing et al, 2003;Wright, 2003).…”