“…The reactive approach employed in this context exhibits different deficiencies, namely, the constrained accessibility and substandard nature of collision data and the challenge of discerning factors. This contributes to the occurrence of collisions, which is an ethical quandary arising from the necessity of observing a sufficient number of collisions over an extended duration to conduct a statistically reliable safety analysis [ [82] , [83] , [84] ]. Hence, the employment of surrogate measures, such as the surrogate safety assessment method (SSAM) in conjunction with resources of The Swedish Traffic Conflict Technique, as a proactive and supplementary strategy for examining road safety from a more comprehensive standpoint rather than solely relying on collision-based analysis [ [85] , [86] , [87] ] has been recommended.…”