Traumatic experiences and life events in people with intellectual disability

Martorell, Almudena; Tsakanikos, Elias

doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e328305e60e

Cited by 56 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Nevertheless, such events may have a negative or traumatizing effect on individuals with ID (Levitas, 2001, Tomasculo et al, 2007Martorell et al, 2008).…”

Section: Assessment Of Ptsd In People With Idmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is growing interest in understanding the psychological consequences of traumatic events and life events in people with ID (Martorell & Tsakanikos, 2008). Individuals with ID have been found to be more likely to experience traumatic events, especially sexual and physical abuse (Rayn 1994, Mansell, Sobsey, & Moskal 2003, Focht-New, Clements, Barol, Faulkner, & Pekala, 2008.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although distinguishing traumatic events from life events proves to be difficult, it is suggested that the range of potentially traumatic experiences is greater in people with ID compared to those with a relatively high level of intellectual functioning (Martorell et al, 2008). Another finding is that children and adults with ID who have been exposed to sexual abuse are likely to experience a range of symptoms, psychopathology and behavioral difficulties (Turk & Brown, 1993;Beail & Warden, 1995;Sequeira & Hollins, 2003;Mansell et.al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PTSD and its treatment in people with intellectual disabilities

Mevissen

Jongh

2010

Clinical Psychology Review

165

160

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“…Nevertheless, such events may have a negative or traumatizing effect on individuals with ID (Levitas, 2001, Tomasculo et al, 2007Martorell et al, 2008).…”

Section: Assessment Of Ptsd In People With Idmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

PTSD and its treatment in people with intellectual disabilities

Mevissen

Jongh

2010

Clinical Psychology Review

165

160

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“…It has been suggested that the range of potentially traumatic experiences is greater in people with intellectual disabilities compared to those with a relatively high level of intellectual functioning (Martorell and Tsakanikos, 2008). This may be as a result of increased vulnerability and exposure to life stressors (Martorell and Tsakanikos, 2008), reduced skills in the verbal expression of feelings and emotions (Doyle and Mitchel, 2003), traumatic experiences not being reported, known, or even recognised by individuals themselves or caregivers (Ryan, 1994). It has also been suggested that starting to understand oneself as disabled is potentially traumatising in itself (Hollins and Sinason, 2000;Levitas and Gibson, 2001).…”

Section: Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Ptsd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although this area has now received increasing interest (Turk et al, 2005;Mitchell and Clegg, 2005;Peckham, 2007;Martorell and Tsakanikos, 2008;Mevissen and De Jongh, 2010). Tomasulo and Razza (2007), comment that in spite of its importance, studies on PTSD in people with intellectual disabilities are not as common as in populations of people with standard intellectual functioning.…”

Section: Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Ptsd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing in the treatment of trauma with mild intellectual disabilities: a case study

Dilly

2013

Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities

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Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to explore the effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in an individual with mild intellectual disabilities currently compulsorily detained in secure care. Design/methodology/approach -The intervention utilised the EMDR eight-phase protocolised psychotherapeutic approach. Sessions utilised symbol cards to explore the impact of the client's experiences in relation to his thoughts, emotional feelings, physical feelings and behaviour. Drawings were also utilised to assist the client to develop a picture of the traumatic incident. A "safe place visualisation technique" was also utilised at the end of every session to manage any distress. The Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS) with some minor adaptations for use with people with intellectual disabilities was utilised as a pre-and post-measure. Findings -The study identified reductions in symptoms in all three core clinical subgroups of the PDS: re-experiencing, avoidance and arousal, with outcomes being maintained at one-month and six -month follow-up. Reduction in the strength of ratings was most evident in the avoidance domain. Originality/value -There are limited studies exploring the effectiveness of EMDR with individuals with intellectual disabilities.

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Job loss predicts worsening depressive symptoms for young adults with autism: A COVID‐19 natural experiment

et al. 2021

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Adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience high rates of both unemployment and depression. Though job loss predicts increased risk of depression in the general population, studies have yet to directly examine this relationship among individuals with ASD. With the backdrop of rising unemployment due to COVID‐19, we used a longitudinal design to examine whether employment changes predicted increasing depressive symptoms among young adults with ASD. Online surveys were collected from young adults with ASD at two times: just before widespread social distancing measures were adopted in the United States, and again 10 weeks later. Both time points included measurement of depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory‐2). At Time 2, COVID‐related employment changes and the perceived impact of those changes on well‐being were collected. Of the young adults who were employed at Time 1 ( n = 144), over one‐third (37.5%) reported employment changes during the first 2 months of COVID‐19. Most of this change was job loss or reductions in hours or pay (“job loss/reduction”). Controlling for Time 1 depressive symptoms, young adults who experienced job loss/reduction had significantly higher depressive symptoms at Time 2 than those without an employment change. Individuals' perceived impact of employment change also predicted depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that losing a job or experiencing reductions in hours or pay leads to worsening depressive symptoms among adults with ASD. Better supporting autistic adults in the workplace may not only decrease the likelihood of job loss, but also combat the exceedingly high rates of depression in this group. Lay Summary Though unemployment has been linked to mental health problems in the general population, this relationship is seldom considered among adults with autism. In this study, we found that adults on the autism spectrum who lost their jobs or experienced reductions in pay or hours during the first 2 months of COVID‐19 had worsening depression compared to adults who did not have job changes. Our findings suggest that increasing access to employment may help alleviate poor mental health among autistic adults.

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Traumatic experiences and life events in people with intellectual disability

Cited by 56 publications

References 42 publications

PTSD and its treatment in people with intellectual disabilities

PTSD and its treatment in people with intellectual disabilities

Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing in the treatment of trauma with mild intellectual disabilities: a case study

Job loss predicts worsening depressive symptoms for young adults with autism: A COVID‐19 natural experiment

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