Traumatic Events Inventory

Riley, Andrew M.; Varner, Andrea; Ventevogel, Peter; Hasan, M. M. Taimur; Welton‐Mitchell, Courtney

doi:10.1037/t65792-000

Cited by 3 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…People flee for reasons such as war, systematic persecution, and climate change (2). Refugees often endure severe trauma before, during, and after their flight, putting them at high risk for mental health disorders (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8). Recent meta-analyses estimate that the prevalence of mental health disorders among refugees ranges from 22.1 to 31.5% (9,10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As such, they are at high risk for poor mental health outcomes related to trauma (3). For decades, Rohingya have been subjected to state-sanctioned violence such as destruction of homes and property, torture, rape and other sexual violence, murder, and massacre (3)(4)(5)(13)(14)(15). Moreover, the Myanmar government has systematically excluded the Rohingya from society by denying them their right to citizenship.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The camps in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh are overcrowded, unsafe and under-resourced (3,4,7,(21)(22)(23). An increase in the daily stressors that refugees commonly encounter in camps, such as limited work and educational opportunities, inadequate humanitarian assistance, dangerous living conditions, and limited access to healthcare, has been associated with increased symptoms of mental disorder (3,4,21,24). Moreover, the daily functioning required to manage these stressors becomes increasing difficult as mental health worsens (4,5,25).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An increase in the daily stressors that refugees commonly encounter in camps, such as limited work and educational opportunities, inadequate humanitarian assistance, dangerous living conditions, and limited access to healthcare, has been associated with increased symptoms of mental disorder (3,4,21,24). Moreover, the daily functioning required to manage these stressors becomes increasing difficult as mental health worsens (4,5,25). In 2018, the majority of Rohingya in Bangladesh reported experiencing financial insecurity (95%), food insecurity (79%), lack of educational opportunities (72%), lack of appropriate living accommodations (62%), and inadequate access to clean bathrooms and sanitation facilities (62%) (3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Associations among past trauma, post-displacement stressors, and mental health outcomes in Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh: A secondary cross-sectional analysis

Ritsema

Armstrong-Hough

2023

Front. Public Health

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ObjectiveThe Rohingya endured intense trauma in Myanmar and continue to experience trauma related to displacement in Bangladesh. We aimed to evaluate the association of post-displacement stressors with mental health outcomes, adjusting for previously experienced trauma, in the Rohingya refugee population in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh.MethodsWe analyzed data from the Cox's Bazar Panel Survey, a cross sectional survey consisting of 5,020 household interviews and 9,386 individual interviews completed in 2019. Using logistic regression, we tested the association between post-displacement stressors such as current exposure to crime and conflict and two mental health outcomes: depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In adjusted analyses, we controlled for past trauma, employment status, receiving an income, food security, and access to healthcare and stratified by gender.ResultsThe prevalence of depressive symptoms was 30.0% (n = 1,357) and PTSD 4.9% (n = 218). Most (87.1%, n = 3,938) reported experiencing at least one traumatic event. Multiple post-displacement stressors, such as current exposure to crime and conflict (for men: OR = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.52–3.28, p < 0.001; for women: OR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.44–2.56, p < 0.001), were associated with higher odds of depressive symptoms in multivariable models. Trauma (OR = 4.98, 95% CI = 2.20–11.31, p < 0.001) was associated with increased odds of PTSD. Living in a household that received income was associated with decreased odds of PTSD (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.55–1.00, p = 0.05).ConclusionPrevalence of depressive symptoms was high among Rohingya refugees living in Cox's Bazar. Adjusting for past trauma and other risk factors, exposure to post-displacement stressors was associated with increased odds of depressive symptoms. There is a need to address social determinants of health that continue to shape mental health post-displacement and increase mental healthcare access for displaced Rohingya.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Associations among past trauma, post-displacement stressors, and mental health outcomes in Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh: A secondary cross-sectional analysis

Ritsema

Armstrong-Hough

2023

Front. Public Health

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“…Many of these refugee children are either accompanied by their parents and family members or unaccompanied due to forced migration. Leaving their homeland at such a tender age, many of them face post-traumatic stress, depression and psychosomatic complaints (Riley, Varner, Ventevogel, & Hasan, 2017;Tol, Song, & Jordan, 2013) resulting in a poor quality of life (Siah, Lee, & Goh, 2015). Like all refugee children across the globe, these refugee children in Malaysia are extremely vulnerable and require special assistance to survive and to meet their basic needs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mental Health of Adolescent Refugees in Malaysia

Low

Tan

Kok

et al. 2018

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As of June 2017, 24.8 % of the 149, 200 reported refugees in Malaysia aged 18 years and below and of that figure, 33% were females. There has been little research into the mental well-being of the refugee adolescents. This cross-sectional survey study examined the differences in stress, anxiety, and depression faced according to gender and whether there is any association between them. 104 refugee adolescents from four non-governmental organization educational centers

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The social ecology of displacement: a mixed-method analysis of stressors, trauma and coping in Northern Sri Lanka

Thomas

2023

Preprint

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War survivors encounter chronic stressors, which can negatively impact mental health above and beyond direct exposure to war-related trauma. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship of coping with chronic stressors and war exposure in post-conflict Northern Sri Lanka. Using a two study, mixed-method sequential exploratory design, the aim of study 1 (qualitative) was to explore how stressors are conceptualized and the impact of stressors on coping through interviews with adult war survivors (N=53). Using a phenomenological lens for analysis and grounded in the daily stressors framework and families of coping theory, a social ecological model of stressors and coping is proposed. Participants shared that chronic and systemic stressors permeate daily life and impact on psychological wellbeing. Common coping strategies included support-seeking, problem-solving, helplessness, and escape. The goal of study 2 (quantitative) was to refine the social ecological model of stressors and coping with a sample of 1015 adult participants who were part of a larger epidemiological study. Secondary data analysis was conducted using data from a demographic and displacement history questionnaire, the Stressful Life Events Checklist, and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to understand the relationship between stressors, trauma symptom severity (TSS), and the role of social support as a coping mechanism. The social ecological model of stressors and coping identified in study 1 was refined through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses in study 2, resulting in four stressor constructs: 1) Personal Safety Concerns; 2) War Exposure Losses; 3) Financial Loss and Hardship, and 4) Personal Hardships. SEM results indicated that War Exposure Losses and Financial Loss and Hardship stressors were positively related to TSS whereas Personal Hardship was negatively related to TSS, suggesting resilience in situations of chronic adversity. Findings from this study further highlighted that available social support may be less effective for individuals who have experienced particular stressors such as Financial Loss and Hardship. Findings from this study can inform a framework of traumatic stress that transcend the traditional emphasis on direct exposure to war-related violence to also consider chronic stressors and coping mechanisms in post-conflict settings. Keywords: chronic stressors, posttraumatic stress disorder, Sri Lanka, post-conflict, mixed-method research. Keywords: chronic stressors, posttraumatic stress disorder, Sri Lanka, post-conflict, mixed-method research.

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Traumatic Events Inventory

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Associations among past trauma, post-displacement stressors, and mental health outcomes in Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh: A secondary cross-sectional analysis

Associations among past trauma, post-displacement stressors, and mental health outcomes in Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh: A secondary cross-sectional analysis

The Mental Health of Adolescent Refugees in Malaysia

The social ecology of displacement: a mixed-method analysis of stressors, trauma and coping in Northern Sri Lanka

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