Trauma experience of North Korean refugees in China

Lee, Yunhwan; Lee, Myung Ken; Chun, Ki Hong; Lee, Yeon Kyung; Yoon, Soo Jin

doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(00)00282-8

Cited by 78 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In comparison with the previously reported PTSD prevalence rates for refugees in different countries around the world, which range from 15 to 37% (Cheung, 1994;de Jong et al, 2001;Hauff, & Vaglum, 1994;Mollica et al, 2001;Silove, Steel, McGorry, & Mohan, 1998), North Korean defectors in China showed a relatively higher prevalence rate of 56% (Lee et al, 2001). This high PTSD prevalence rate is reported to result in the refugees or defectors experiencing serious difficulties in their attempts to adapt themselves to their new society (Silove, Sinnerbrink, Field, Manicavasagar, & Steel, 1997).…”

mentioning

confidence: 56%

“…The PTSD prevalence rate of 29.5% for North Korean defectors in South Korea is relatively lower than that of 56% for North Korean defectors in China (Lee et al, 2001). The reason for the difference may be explained as follows.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…A study was conducted with the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire on the effects of traumatic events on North Korean refugees residing in China and the associated incidence of PTSD (Lee, Lee, Chun, Lee, & Yoon, 2001). All 170 participants surveyed reported trauma exposure, with food and water shortage (93%) and illness without access to medical care (89%) being the most frequently cited events.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Correlation between traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder among North Korean defectors in South Korea

Jeon

Hong

Lee

et al. 2005

Journal of Traumatic Stress

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The number of North Korean defectors entering South Korea has been increasing rapidly since 1994. Two hundred North Korean defectors in South Korea were studied to identify their experiences of traumatic events in North Korea and during defection, and the correlation with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Researchers conducted face-to-face interviews and assisted defectors in performing a self-report assessment of this survey. The study questionnaire consisted of demographic characteristics, the Traumatic Experiences Scale for North Korean Defectors, and the PTSD part of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Korean version. Prevalence rate of PTSD in defectors was 29.5%, with a higher rate for women. In factor analysis, the 25 items of traumatic events experienced in North Korea were divided into three factors: Physical Trauma, Political-Ideological Trauma, and Family-Related Trauma. In addition, the 19 items of traumatic events during defection were grouped into four factors: Physical Trauma, Detection and Capture-Related Trauma, Family-Related Trauma, and Betrayal-Related Trauma. In multifactorial logistic regression analysis, Family-Related Trauma in North Korea had a significant odds ratio.

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confidence: 56%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Correlation between traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder among North Korean defectors in South Korea

Jeon

Hong

Lee

et al. 2005

Journal of Traumatic Stress

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“…In addition, it should be noted, besides the direct negative effects of a 10% global food shortage [53], there are also highly likely indirect negative effects on the aggressor nation including the fact that food shortages are likely to cause increased conflicts and refugees as has been shown in both North Korean refugees entering China [89] and Kurdish refugees in Turkey [90]. Refugees entering the U.S. in higher numbers illegally and increased conflict throughout the globe are also counter to U.S. interests.…”

Section: Impact On Wealthy Land-rich Aggressor Nation: Us Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

A National Pragmatic Safety Limit for Nuclear Weapon Quantities

Pearce

Denkenberger

2018

Safety

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This study determines the nuclear pragmatic limit where the direct physical negative consequences of nuclear weapons use are counter to national interests, by assuming all unknowns are conservatively optimistic. The only effect considered is nuclear winter ("nuclear autumn" in the low weapons limits) and the resultant effects on the aggressor nation. First, the ability of low nuclear weapon limits is probed for maintaining deterrence in the worst-case scenario of attacking the most-populous nation. Second, the ability of aggressor nations to feed themselves is assessed without trade and industry resultant from a nuclear attack causing "nuclear autumn" (10% global agricultural shortfall). Third, the best-case wealthy aggressor nation with abundant arable land is analyzed for starvation and economic impacts given 7000, 1000, and 100 nuclear weapons scenarios. The results found that 100 nuclear warheads is adequate for nuclear deterrence in the worst case scenario, while using more than 100 nuclear weapons by any aggressor nation (including the best positioned strategically to handle the unintended consequences) even with optimistic assumptions (including no retaliation) would cause unacceptable damage to their own society. Thus, 100 nuclear warheads is the pragmatic limit and use of government funds to maintain more than 100 nuclear weapons does not appear to be rational.

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“…Therefore, North Korean refugees are under constant fear of being arrested, of facing forced marriage via human traffickers, and of violence and/or death. A study of 170 North Korean refugees living in China reported that they each experienced an average of 12 different traumas, such as the 'unnatural death of family or friend' and 'being close to death', and 56% of the respondents showed at least one symptom of PTSD [42].…”

Section: Background: Traumatic Events and Ptsd Among North Korean Refmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Social Isolation among North Korean Refugee Women in South Korea: The Moderating Role of Formal and Informal Support

Wonjung

Park

2018

Sustainability

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Abstract:While there is abundant literature on the positive correlation between refugee post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and social isolation, few studies have examined the moderating effects of formal and informal interpersonal support. This study on 154 refugee women from North Korea examines the moderating effects of formal and informal interpersonal support on the relationship between PTSD and social isolation. Data from the 2012 survey of the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family in South Korea Study on Support for Independent Living Tailored to North Korean Refugee Women Exposed to Violence were included in the present study. The study results confirmed the positive correlation between PTSD and social isolation and verified the protective effects of formal support. These findings will contribute to policy changes and early proactive interventions to reduce the social isolation of North Korean refugee women in South Korea.

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Trauma experience of North Korean refugees in China

Cited by 78 publications

References 11 publications

Correlation between traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder among North Korean defectors in South Korea

Correlation between traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder among North Korean defectors in South Korea

A National Pragmatic Safety Limit for Nuclear Weapon Quantities

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Social Isolation among North Korean Refugee Women in South Korea: The Moderating Role of Formal and Informal Support

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