Trauma changes everything: Examining the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders

Does Resilience Play a Mediating Role in the Link Between the Earliest Memory and Personality Traits? Analysis of the Positive Cognition in a Chinese Sample

“…For example, Dierkhising and his colleagues (2013) have found that the adolescents who have trauma in their earliest memories present much more crime and illegal behaviors than the normal in daily life. This result was also verified by other psychologists (Fox et al, 2015;Freyd et al, 2005).…”

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Suicide Attempts: The Mediating Influence of Personality Development and Problem Behaviors

“…As such, an overall ACE score, ranging from zero to nine, was created by summing the number of ACE assessment items present in the history of each juvenile in the sample. This method of ACE assessment coding matches the technique used in other recent research (Fox et al 2015).…”

Childhood Maltreatment and Unprotected Sex among Female Juvenile Offenders: Evidence of Mediation by Substance Abuse and Psychological Distress

“…Finally, routine screening for childhood maltreatment in juvenile justice systems may be an effective way to identify girls who are high risk for sexual risk taking and other emotional, behavioral, and physical health problems (Fox et al, 2015). Ideally, such screening would occur at the early stages of juvenile justice involvement when referrals to intervention and treatment are likely to have the most significant impact.…”

“…Traumatic life histories are also highly prevalent among female juvenile offenders (Dierkhising, Ko, Woods-Jaeger, Briggs, Lee, & Pynoos, 2013; Fox, Perez, Cass, Baglivio, & Epps, 2015; King, Abram, Romero, Washburn, Welty, & Teplin, 2011) and studies evaluating the cumulative impact of childhood maltreatment have found a strong and often graded influence on sexual risk behaviors in this population (Lopez, Kopak, Robillard, Gillmore, Holliday, & Braithwaite, 2011; Odgers, Robins, & Russell, 2010; Smith, Leve, & Chamberlain, 2006). Collectively these studies provide evidence that child maltreatment is an important risk factor for sexual risk taking among female juvenile offenders; however, the mechanisms by which child maltreatment influences sexual risk behaviors such as unprotected sex in adolescent populations remain poorly understood.…”