Trash to Treasure: An Up-to-Date Understanding of the Valorization of Seafood By-Products, Targeting the Major Bioactive Compounds

Abstract

Fishery production is exponentially growing, and its by-products negatively impact industries’ economic and environmental status. The large amount of bioactive micro- and macromolecules in fishery by-products, including lipids, proteins, peptides, amino acids, vitamins, carotenoids, enzymes, collagen, gelatin, chitin, chitosan, and fucoidan, need to be utilized through effective strategies and proper management. Due to the bioactive and healthy compounds in fishery discards, these components can be used as functional food ingredients. Fishery discards have inorganic or organic value to add to or implement in various sectors (such as the agriculture, medical, and pharmaceutical industries). However, the best use of these postharvest raw materials for human welfare remains unelucidated in the scientific community. This review article describes the most useful techniques and methods, such as obtaining proteins and peptides, fatty acids, enzymes, minerals, and carotenoids, as well as collagen, gelatin, and polysaccharides such as chitin–chitosan and fucoidan, to ensure the best use of fishery discards. Marine-derived bioactive compounds have biological activities, such as antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. These high-value compounds are used in various industrial sectors, such as the food and cosmetic industries, owing to their unique functional and characteristic structures. This study aimed to determine the gap between misused fishery discards and their effects on the environment and create awareness for the complete valorization of fishery discards, targeting a sustainable world.

Green Chemistry to Valorize Seafood Side Streams: An Ecofriendly Roadmap toward Sustainability

“…Enzymatic processes are highly useful, which disrupt the tissue and membranes under mild conditions to release oil from liver, roe, and other fish products. , Nonthermal processes are highly suitable for lipid extraction. SC-CO 2 is a promising technology for extracting high-quality lipids from fishery discards including liver, viscera, and heads . The lipid fraction of sardine waste was isolated through SFE with SC-CO 2 at 250 bar and 40 °C, yielding 20 g oil per 100 g waste with up to 17.2% wt of PUFAs .…”

“…Calcium from fish bones has received attention as a natural supplement for individuals with calcium deficiency. Several traditional methods have been pointed out for mineral extraction . Treatment by flavorzyme followed by fermentation with Leuconostoc mesenteroides of fish bones gave a preparation rich in soluble calcium lactate, calcium acetate, and also small amounts of calcium peptides.…”

“…Recent challenges in finding value for seafood processing discards are demanding sustainable options for their utilization. The large amount of seafood side streams needs to be profitably utilized through effective ecofriendly strategies to support sustainability and food security. , This review examines the advantages of green chemistry based processing of seafood side streams to improve seafood sustainability.…”

“…Currently, most industries are obtaining chitin from shrimp shells by demineralizing with HCl and removing protein with NaOH. , In view of the limitations of conventional processes, in recent years, there has been interest in environmentally safe green routes for chitin/chitosan extraction. These green processes include microbial fermentation, enzymatic hydrolysis, ultrasonic or microwave-assisted processes, and extraction by green solvents. ,,,, Some green processes for chitin extraction and dissolution include uses of NADESs or DESs such as choline chloride: urea or choline chloride: organic acids mixtures), citric acid both in chitin extraction and hydrogel formation or utilization of natural extracts, like genipin, as green cross-linkers under mild conditions . A microbial approach perhaps is the preferred valorization strategy for chitin production from crab waste. , Deproteinization and demineralization of chitin at 68% and 96%, respectively, were achieved by solid state fermentation by L. brevis and R. oligosporus .…”

Squid meal and shrimp hydrolysate as novel protein sources for dog food

“…Under a circular economy perspective, the utilization of by-products from aquatic sources offers additional advantages as it contributes to the reduction of waste and food-feed competition, and to a greater economic and environmental efficiency ( 15 , 16 ). This approach is particularly important as the volume of waste from aquatic production was reported to range from 1 to 20% for fish, from 40 to 85% for crustaceans, and from 60 to 80% for mollusks ( 17 ). The use of by-products from aquatic resources, namely crustaceans and mollusks, with high protein content and bioactive compounds ( 16 , 18 ), such as carotenoids, glycosaminoglycans, bioactive peptides, and chitin/chitosan ( 18 ), which may have antioxidant, anticoagulant, antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects ( 18 , 19 ), could be appealing to dog owners who are looking for functional pet foods ( 20 ).…”