“…Three obvious characteristic peaks at 284.4, 285.3, and 288.1 eV at primitive condition (I) originate from C-C, C-OH, and COOH species. [68][69][70] From 1.8 to 0 V in the discharge process, both C-OH and COOH signals undergo a continuous decrease. In the charge process from 0 to 1.8 V, they exhibit a contrary trend, indicating the highly reversible chemical reactions between the C-OH/COOH groups and Zn ions during the whole discharge/charge cycles.…”