Transvaginal versus transabdominal Doppler auscultation of fetal heart activity: A comparative study

Mitra, Avick G.; Laurent, Sherry L.; Moore, Jeanette E.; Blanchard, George; Chescheir, Nancy C.

doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(96)70248-x

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Fetal Bradycardia: Definition and Frequency1

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“…6 Twentieth-century studies confirmed nineteenth-century findings that normal fetal heart rates vary from 100 to 175 beats per minute. 6 Twentieth-century studies confirmed nineteenth-century findings that normal fetal heart rates vary from 100 to 175 beats per minute.…”

Section: Fetal Bradycardia: Definition and Frequencymentioning

confidence: 62%

Fetal Bradycardia. A Practical Approach

Acherman

Evans

Luna

et al. 2007

Fet. Matern. Med. Rev.

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INTRODUCTIONFetal bradycardia may herald fetal demise. This article highlights arrhythmic fetal bradycardia rather than bradycardia caused by perinatal distress. We briefly examine the embryonic conduction system's development and physiology and we review the classification, aetiology, evaluation, and approach to fetal bradycardia. Our aim is to provide the clinician with practical information about fetal bradycardia that enlightens causative conditions and aids management.Utilizing careful observations and building upon previous work, 1 the late nineteenth-century physician, Wilhelm Preyer, quantified the average fetal heart rate at 140 beats per minute and determined a normal variance from 100 to 200. 2 In 1940, Ruben J Acherman is a Pediatric Cardiologist,

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Section: Fetal Bradycardia: Definition and Frequencymentioning

confidence: 62%