Transrenal Ureteral Occlusion for Palliation of Refractory Urine Leaks Using Vascular Plugs and Liquid Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol

Occlusive Properties of Transrenal Ureteral Occlusion Self-Expandable Metallic Stents: 3D-Printed Phantom and Ex Vivo Studies

“…Over recent decades, a variety of minimally invasive techniques, using different materials, have been introduced for management of ureteral leakage [6,7,10,11,17]. Despite advances in methodology and embolic materials for ureteral occlusion, the primary success rates range from 40% to 100%, and material-related complications can occur in some patients [6,[9][10][11][12][13].…”

“…Despite advances in methodology and embolic materials for ureteral occlusion, the primary success rates range from 40% to 100%, and material-related complications can occur in some patients [6,[9][10][11][12][13]. Re-intervention requiring additional embolization has been reported in 66.7% of the embolized ureters [7]. Migration of the embolic materials was noted, and recurrent symptoms were subsequently recorded [4].…”

“…Surgical management, such as ureterostomy and ureteral clipping, is the standard palliative treatment of such fistulas; however, most fistulas are inoperable [1,4]. Various minimally invasive techniques have been described for ureteral occlusion, using various materials; however, primary success rates fall within 40%-100%, with a reintervention rate of 66.7% for ureters that received embolization [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Nephrostomy, for interventional transrenal ureteral occlusions, has been proposed as an alternative therapeutic method [4].…”

“…Nephrostomy, for interventional transrenal ureteral occlusions, has been proposed as an alternative therapeutic method [4]. Percutaneous occlusion of urinary flow has been investigated using various materials, such as detachable balloons, embolization coils, Amplatzer vascular plugs, n-butyl cyanoacrylate, and combinations thereof [2][3][4]7,[14][15][16][17][18]. Despite recent advances in occlusive materials and technical approaches, each method has its own limitations.…”