Transrectal ultrasound imaging of the prostate: review and perspectives of recent developments

Abstract

We present a critical review of the recent literature and discuss the development and prospective view of the evaluations of transrectal ultrasound with regard to prostate malignancy. We illustrate this with personal experiences. Material and Methods: Based on a critical evaluation of clinical data we address the apparent shortcoming of greyscale transrectal ultrasonography in the assessment of prostate cancer. New developments and future possibilities are also discussed.Evaluation of the value of greyscale transrectal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of prostate cancer indicates a limited role, because of the non-uniform appearance of prostate cancer on the ultrasound images. Ameliorating of transrectal ultrasound, like the use of contrast ultrasonography, could improve the detection of prostate cancer.Although the use of greyscale transrectal ultrasonography lacks sensitivity and speci®city for the diagnosis of prostate cancer, its use in volume measurement of the prostate and biopsy guidance is unquestionable. The ®rst results of the application of contrast ultrasonography are promising, both in detection of prostate cancer as in treatment follow up. Other developments like improvement of transducer and computer technology could make the use of ultrasound more versatile. However, future research will indicate whether all these improvements will lead to clinical applications.

Modified Predictive Model and Nomogram by Incorporating Prebiopsy Biparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging With Clinical Indicators for Prostate Biopsy Decision Making

“…However, decades of clinical experience have shown that PSA is not ideal in terms of specificity, often leading to either overdiagnosis or overtreatment (4)(5)(6). Prostate biopsy is the most valuable method in the diagnosis of PCa (7,8). Although preoperative preparation is actively improved, hemospermia, hematuria, and urinary tract infection are still the main adverse effects (9).…”

Usefulness of Doppler ultrasound-obtained resistance index in thyroid nodules with ultrasonographic malignant characteristics

“…These results are consistent with the characterization of papillary carcinomas as hypervascular formulated by other authors. 12 The resistance index, resistance expression or vascular impedance has to be taken into account, which suggests that, unlike in other organs, 13 in the thyroid gland is not possible for vascular resistance parameters to be correlated with the type of neoformation. 8 The fact of lower vascularization being found in papillary cancer might explain the low tendency towards hematogenous metastasis in this type of tumors, as well as their slow growth, given the direct relationship between angiogenesis and metastatic capacity.…”

Utilidad del índice de resistencia obtenido por ultrasonido Doppler en nódulos tiroideos de características ecográficas malignas

“…Estos resultados concuerdan con la catalogación de los carcinomas papilares como hipervasculares que han formulado otros autores. 12 Hay que tener en cuenta el índice de resistencia, expresión de la resistencia o impedancia vascular, de lo cual se deduce que en la tiroides, a diferencia de lo observado en otros órganos, 13 no es posible correlacionar los parámetros de resistencia vascular con el tipo de neoformación. 8 El hecho de encontrar menor vascularización en los cánceres papilares podría explicar la escasa tendencia a la metástasis vía hemática de este tipo de tumores, así como su lento crecimiento, dada la relación directa entre angiogénesis y capacidad metastásica.…”