Transposable elements and the multidimensional genome

Larsen, Peter A.

doi:10.1007/s10577-018-9575-2

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…A large proportion of the mammalian genome is comprised of TEs, and they are important to genome complexity and evolution variations [57,58]. In recent years, TEs have been associated with the 3D organization of chromatin [59]. On one hand, many TE families can act as cis-regulatory elements, such as enhancers and promoters.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of 3d Genome Formation In Early Embryonic Devementioning

confidence: 99%

The Dynamic 3D Genome in Gametogenesis and Early Embryonic Development

An²,

Zhang

2019

Cells

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During gametogenesis and early embryonic development, the chromatin architecture changes dramatically, and both the transcriptomic and epigenomic landscape are comprehensively reprogrammed. Understanding these processes is the holy grail in developmental biology and a key step towards evolution. The 3D conformation of chromatin plays a central role in the organization and function of nuclei. Recently, the dynamics of chromatin structures have been profiled in many model and non-model systems, from insects to mammals, resulting in an interesting comparison. In this review, we first introduce the research methods of 3D chromatin structure with low-input material suitable for embryonic study. Then, the dynamics of 3D chromatin architectures during gametogenesis and early embryonic development is summarized and compared between species. Finally, we discuss the possible mechanisms for triggering the formation of genome 3D conformation in early development.

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Section: Mechanisms Of 3d Genome Formation In Early Embryonic Devementioning

confidence: 99%

The Dynamic 3D Genome in Gametogenesis and Early Embryonic Development

An²,

Zhang

2019

Cells

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“…In plants, as in most organisms, TEs are by far the most variable sequences of the genome; TEs are DNA sequences capable of changing their position within a genome and being mobilized between different species (Bourque et al, 2018; Huang, Burns, & Bok, 2012; Nishihara, 2020; Slotkin & Martienssen, 2007). Expansion and contraction in the number of TEs can lead to dramatic differences in chromosomes rearrangement and in genome size, especially in species where TEs constitute the most conspicuous part of DNA (Kojima, 2020; Larsen, 2018; Vicient & Casacuberta, 2017). Apart from affect general genomes architecture, TEs activity can cause a wide range of changes in gene expression and function, from subtle quantitative effects to complete gene inactivation to the evolution of new genes (Oliver, McComb, & Greene, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The plastic genome: The impact of transposable elements on gene functionality and genomic structural variations

Fambrini

Usai

Vangelisti

et al. 2020

Genesis

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Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA sequences that can change their position within genomes. TEs are present in most organisms and can be an important genomic component. Their activities are manifold: restructuring of genome size, chromosomal rearrangements, induction of gene mutations, and alteration of gene activity by insertion near or within promoters, intronic regions, or enhancer. There are several examples of mutations and other genetic variations determined by the activity of TEs, associated with the evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and the domestication of plants. Generally, TE mobilization occurs when the organism is subjected to stress, which can include both biotic and abiotic stresses, polyploidy conditions, and interspecific hybridizations, very common events in plants. TEs are widely distributed among organisms. TEs also play essential roles in evolution, but most of them are either dormant or inactive. This is mainly determined by epigenetic silencing mechanisms, regulatory systems, and control systems that aim to limit its proliferation. Furthermore, the host has recruited many genes originated from TEs as transcriptional regulators, especially in defense against pathogens and invasive genetic elements; this phenomenon is called molecular domestication. Therefore, TEs are responsible for horizontal gene transfer and the movement of genetic material between organisms, even phylogenetically distant, with a consequent remixing of their gene pools.

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