Transportation, Environmental Degradation, and Health Dynamics in the United States and China: Evidence From Bootstrap ARDL With a Fourier Function

Abstract

Transportation and environmental degradation, with indirect and direct effects, play a significant role in determining the health of a nation's citizens. This study uses bootstrap ARDL with a Fourier function to examine transportation, environmental degradation, and health dynamics in the United States and China. In the long run, the results support the cointegration relationship between transportation, environmental degradation, and health in both countries. The results show the contingency of the causality where a negative impact of transportation on environmental degradation exists in the United States while a positive impact exists in China. The effect of environmental degradation on health is negative in the United States while a positive effect exists in China. Regarding the causal direction between the variables of interest, the implications provide policymakers in developing strategy and policy for sustainable development.

Impact of globalization on the environment in major CO2-emitting countries: Evidence using bootstrap ARDL with a Fourier function

“…In prior research, the KOF globalization index was taken as the proxy variable to measure globalization in the United States ( 43 ), China ( 44 ), India ( 45 ), and a panel study ( 46 ). On the other hand, CO 2 emissions were taken as the proxy variable to measure the environment in prior studies ( 47 , 48 ). Thus, following prior studies, this study used the KOF globalization index as the proxy for globalization as well as CO 2 emissions as the proxy for the environment.…”

How can environmental degradation and income disparities influence national health: an eye bird view on China’s provinces

“…Growing the heart disease, risk of stroke, lung cancer, and long-lasting and severe respiratory disorders, PM10 and PM2.5 are particularly harmful, as noted by Chen et al (2). The burning of fossil fuels, which has characterized economic growth in China over the past four decades (3), contributes to the country's already severe air pollution problem (4). Air pollution is a major social problem that has far-reaching consequences (5).…”

“…China scored 50.74 on Yale University's and Columbia University's Environmental Performance Index Report (2018), enlisting it 120th overall and 177th in air quality. According to the bulletin's second report on China's ecological situation, 70.7% of China's metropolises (or 239 of the 338 prefecture-level cities) have polluted air (4). The Chinese government and population have come to recognize the critical need to protect the environment in the face of worsening environmental pollution and ecological destruction (8).…”