Transportation, Congestion, and Density: New Insights

Dunphy, Robert T; Fisher, K M

doi:10.1177/0361198196155200112

Cited by 45 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…The idea of ''proper city densities'' (Jacobs 1961, 221) has been the subject of debate in planning theory and practice for quite some time, although its relationship with physical activity is a more recent topic of discussion and theorization. The TRB Report ( 2005) cites a US study by Dunphy and Fisher (1996), which indicates that the total number of trips does decline (slightly) with density, while there is an increase in trips by public transport, walking, cycling, and taxi. This study showed trip share by walking and cycling increased markedly above densities of 7,500 people per square mile (original author's units).…”

Section: Part 2: the Built Environment And Health A Review Of The Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

The Three Domains of Urban Planning for Health and Well-being

Kent

Thompson

2014

Journal of Planning Literature

109

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Urban planning has an important role to play in supporting human health. While this is increasingly recognized in a burgeoning interdisciplinary body of literature, there remains an ongoing need to clarify and conceptualize the relationship between planning and health. This is especially the case from the perspective of built environment professionals, as they increasingly focus on health and well-being issues. The key contribution of this article is such a conceptualization—a framework to group and review the literature in this rapidly expanding area of research. We suggest three domains where urban planning can most effectively focus support for health and well-being. These domains address the principle risk factors for contemporary chronic disease—physical inactivity, obesity, and social isolation. Our framework is then used to review an evidence base that supports the development, prioritization, and implementation of healthy built environment practice. This article concludes with a critical discussion of theoretical and practical tensions identified as potential impediments to the progression of this new and exciting interdisciplinary area of research.

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Section: Part 2: the Built Environment And Health A Review Of The Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

The Three Domains of Urban Planning for Health and Well-being

Kent

Thompson

2014

Journal of Planning Literature

109

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“…Such findings are not surprising. Research on the subject of walking has consistently found that higher residential densities and the presence of mixed land uses are associated with increased rates of walking (Cervero 1989;Cervero and Kockelman 1997;Dunphy and Fisher 1996;Frank and Pivo 1994). From a functional perspective, however, what matters is not simply that communities are dense or contain multiple land uses but that meaningful destinations are located within walking distance from where older adults live, preferably with sidewalks and intersections that permit them to walk there safely (Cambridge Systematics 1994;Cervero, 1996;Cervero and Gorham 1995;Friedman, Gordon, and Peers 1994;Handy 1996;Kitamura, Laidet, and Mokhtarian 1997;Lund 2003).…”

Section: Shifts To Walkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing Communities to Enhance the Safety and Mobility of Older Adults

Dumbaugh

2008

Journal of Planning Literature

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By 2030, seventy-two million people, or fully one of every five Americans, will be aged sixty-five or older, raising important concerns about how our cities, communities, and transportation facilities will safety accommodate their travel needs. The current policy solution is to increase driver testing, provide senior-oriented paratransit services, and ultimately, to house older, nondriving adults in senior care communities where more mobile individuals can provide basic household-related services for them. These practices, while perhaps well intentioned, effectively segregate older adults from the larger community. We can do better. This article summarizes the available literature on the travelrelated needs, abilities, and preferences of older adults. Through a synthesis of the current knowledge, it identifies four strategies that can be used to design communities and transportation systems to address the safety and mobility needs of an aging population in an inclusive, universal manner.

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“…In Minnesota, VMT reductions are slated to play a more prominent role, contributing to 14% of the state's GHG-reduction targets by 2025 (Boies et al, 2008). Such estimates are informed by the work of researchers like Bailey et al (2008), Chatman (2003), Dunphy and Fisher (1996), Holtzclaw (1994), and Holtzclaw et al (2002), who show respectable elasticities (on the order of À0X30) between urban densities and VMT. Density combined with rail transit investments, some suggest, could yield even greater dividends: Brown et al (2008), for instance, estimated that America's densest metropolitan areas and those with mature railway networks are the lowest carbon emitters per capita.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Built Environments on Vehicle Miles Traveled: Evidence from 370 US Urbanized Areas

2010

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Introduction: the policy context Heightened concerns over climate change, gasoline prices, and congestion have sparked research into the influences of urban form and land-use patterns on motorized travel, notably vehicle miles traveled (VMT). VMT per capita is widely viewed as the strongest single correlate of environmental degradation and resource consumption in the transport sectoröas individuals log more and more miles in motorized vehicles, the amount of local pollution (eg particulate matter) and global pollution (eg greenhouse gas, or GHG, emissions) increases, as does the consumption of fossil fuels, open space, and other increasingly scarce resources.Recent policy initiatives have further fueled interest in this subject. In California, where ground transportation is responsible for 38% of greenhouse gases, state legislators recently passed the Global Warming Solution Act (Assembly Bill 32, AB32) that calls for a 25% reduction in GHG emissions below the trend line by 2020, or to 1990 levelsöin total, the elimination of 169 million tonnes of carbon dioxide and other GHGs. Cities and counties that fail to make a good-faith effort to achieve this target risk losing state transportation funding.Controversy reigns over how climate-change targets might be met in states like California. Within the transport sector, one view holds that GHG-reduction targets can best be achieved through`sustainable mobility': for example, the introduction of low-carbon fuels and new technologies that increase fuel efficiency so that Americans can continue driving their cars at will, albeit with far less GHG emissions. At the other end of the spectrum are those arguing for`sustainable urbanism': for example, redesigning our cities and regions so there is less need to drive and, if one does, driving can be done over shorter distances and more efficiently (eg consolidate trips at one-stop mixed-use centers). Leading this conservation charge are new urbanists, environmentalists, and other advocates of smart growth who contend that a bane of modern-day living is excessive dependency on the private car. Creating more walkable, transit-friendly, urban landscapes, they contend, will not only reduce VMT and

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Transportation, Congestion, and Density: New Insights

Cited by 45 publications

References 0 publications

The Three Domains of Urban Planning for Health and Well-being

The Three Domains of Urban Planning for Health and Well-being

Designing Communities to Enhance the Safety and Mobility of Older Adults

Effects of Built Environments on Vehicle Miles Traveled: Evidence from 370 US Urbanized Areas

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