Transport's historical, contemporary and future role in shaping urban development: Re-evaluating transit oriented development

Abstract

This paper reviews transport's historical role in shaping urban development since industrialisation. Previous definitions of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) starting in the late 20 th century are challenged. Three distinct eras of TOD are identified: from the mid-19 th century to early 20 th century; Planned TOD in the mid-20 th century; and TOD for urban regeneration and/or urban expansion since the late 20 th century, now featuring rail and bus rapid transit, cycling and walking, and automated transport. Future links with disruptive transport technologies are highlighted as themes must be examined for assisting TOD's further development. The authors make the case, using empirical evidence from selected TOD applications from around the world, that high frequency transit service is essential for successful contemporary and future planned TODs. TOD is then redefined for the 21 st century and best practice policy recommendations are made.

Artificial Intelligence, Transport and the Smart City: Definitions and Dimensions of a New Mobility Era

“…This adds an empirical dimension to the paper's theoretical and conceptual merits that may directly inform academics, city scientists, policymakers, mobility providers and urban planners about some of the lessons available to them that could fuel a positive paradigm-shifting transition governed by AI applications. A similar two-step methodological approach involving this structure has been used in the lead author's previous work with significant success [7], which is something that gives an extra layer of validity to the present study.…”

“…Transit Oriented Development (TOD) employing CAVs as first-and last-mile solutions and neighbourhood feeders to mass transit systems should be the ideal development scenario from an urban and land use perspective as a strategy that will not allow travel behaviour to become disproportionally car-centric. Bringing cars and public transport together, even in their automated future formats, may be an uneasy union because of their traditionally contradictory roles but future policy and planning efforts need to assist with balancing tensions and achieving the optimum blend of the two [7]. CAVs also need to be cleaner than ever before.…”

“…Since transport is the most decisive cornerstone for a city's functionality, development and prosperity, revolutionising transport transforms the concept of the city. Urban structure and transport system developments are closely connected as evidenced by theories like the urban land rent theory and location theory, which conceptualise the connection between transport and urban land use [7,8]. It is impossible to abstract the vision of the cities of tomorrow from that of the future configuration of their transport systems [9].…”

An Integrated Approach to Transportation and Land-Use Planning for the Analysis of Former Railway Nodes in Sustainable Transport Development: The Case of the Vasco-Navarro Railway

“…As an example of decentralized concentration, the concept of transit-oriented development (TOD) was originated by Peter Calthorpe in his book "The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community, and the American Dream" [28], but this type of development has been frequently suggested in the literature [3,[29][30][31][32][33]. Currently, TOD policies have been implemented in several cities and metropolitan areas all over the world, and the concept can be understood as "a mix of moderately dense and pedestrian-friendly development around transit stations" [34].…”

Regenerating Communities. New Life for a Local Railway: A Technological and Environmental Study

“…The role of rail modes (both heavy and light-rail transit systems) is central in shaping general suburban areas and, more specifically, Transit Oriented Developments-TODs, increasing accessibility, and facilitating personal mobility [4][5][6]. There are several cases of regeneration and recentralization of abandoned urban areas (often waterfronts and industrial sites) associated with new rail transit supplies [7], resulting in increased land-use mix and vibrant city life. Transit facilities (stations, terminals, stops), are often quality design urban landmarks [8,9] and boost the placemaking process associated with the regeneration.…”