Transport phenomena in the crystallization of lysozyme by osmotic dewatering and liquid-liquid diffusion in low gravity

Todd, Paul; Sportiello, Michael G.; Gregory, D P; Cassanto, J. M.; Alvarado, Ulises A.; Ostroff, Robert; Korszun, Z. R.

doi:10.2514/6.1993-720

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Thus, in the case of using electrophoresis in the presence of gravity to set up the measurement of e 3 about 6% to 9% mass transfer is estimated [16]. Similar experiments had been performed previously with a sliding-cavity device having 3 mm diameter cavities, and it was reported [17,18] that the fraction transferred was 0.37 6 0.16%. Comparing these values shows that the fraction transferred scales, as expected, with the diameter of the cavity.…”

Section: Experimental Results: Nonspecific Mass Transfersupporting

confidence: 53%

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Multistage electrophoresis II: Treatment of a kinetic separation as a pseudoequilibrium process

2002

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An electrophoresis device is described which separates cells, particles, proteins and other separands by collecting samples having decreasing electrophoretic mobility in a train of inverted cavities while an electric field is applied between the inverted cavities and a sample cuvette containing a mixture of cells, particles, proteins or other separands. A circular plate is provided for the inverted cavities, and this circular plate is rotated to collect fractions. The system utilizes an innovative purification method that combines free electrophoresis and multistage extraction in an instrument capable of separating living cells, particles, and proteins in useful quantities at high concentrations. Most multistage processes are based on equilibrium separations, but electrophoresis is a kinetic separation; therefore, a pseudoequilibrium paradigm was developed for use in optimizing separation parameters including number of stages and electrophoresis time per stage. This paradigm allows the application of McCabe-Thiele type analysis, and it was calculated, for example, that two separands differing by 20% in electrophoretic mobility can be purified to 95% purity with acceptable yield in about seven stages. Laboratory experiments demonstrated a 95% purification in four stages of a separand originally present at 4% when electrophoretic mobilities differed by 80%.

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Section: Experimental Results: Nonspecific Mass Transfersupporting

confidence: 53%

“…It should be readily apparent that other rate-based separation processes, such as sedimentation and magnetophoresis [18], can be implemented as multistage processes optimized by pseudoequilibrium relationships.…”

Section: Broad Applicability Of the Pseudoequilibrium Concept To Kinementioning

confidence: 99%

Multistage electrophoresis II: Treatment of a kinetic separation as a pseudoequilibrium process

2002

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“…Such an arrangement facilitates the simultaneous concentration of solute and precipitant and drives the nucleation and growth of crystals from solution. 17 Evaporation of solvent also drives the phase change required for the formation of polymer thin films. In this case the driving force of choice is a dry absorber of the solvent, granular activated carbon, as shown in FIGURE 4, the MCA for polymer film casting in low gravity.…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sliding‐Cavity Fluid Contactors in Low‐Gravity Fluids, Materials, and Biotechnology Research

Todd

Vellinger

Sengupta

et al. 2002

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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The well-known method of sliding-cavity fluid contactors used by Gosting for diffusion measurements and by Tiselius in electrophoresis has found considerable use in low-gravity research. To date, sliding-cavity contactors have been used in liquid diffusion experiments, interfacial transport experiments, biomolecular crystal growth, biphasic extraction, multistage extraction, microencapsulation, seed germination, invertebrate development, and thin-film casting. Sliding-cavity technology has several advantages for spaceflight: it is simple, it accommodates small samples, samples can be fully enclosed, phases can be combined, multiple samples can be processed at high sample density, real-time observations can be made, and mixed and diffused samples can be compared. An analysis of the transport phenomena that govern the sliding-cavity method is offered. During sliding of one liquid over another flow rates between 0.001 and 0.1m/sec are developed, giving Reynolds numbers in the range 0.1-100. Assuming no slip at liquid-solid boundaries shear rates are of the order 1sec(-1). The measured consequence is the transfer of 2-5% of the content of a cavity to the opposite cavity. In the absence of gravity, buoyancy-driven transport is assumed absent. Transport processes are limited to (1) molecular diffusion, in which reactants diffuse toward one another at rates that depend on their diffusion coefficient and concentration gradient (Fick's second law), (2) solutocapillary (Marangoni) flow driven by surface-tension gradients, (3) capillary flow (drop spreading) at liquid-solid three-phase lines leading to immiscible phase demixing, and (4) vapor-phase diffusive mass transfer in evaporative processes. Quantitative treatment of these phenomena has been accomplished over the past few years in low-gravity research in space and on aircraft.

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“…Its successes were largely due to the efforts of Dr. Plaas-Link, an early and energetic microgravity "entrepreneur" and force for the commercialization of space processes in Europe. Payload Systems [36 -381, based in Boston, focused on the use of Russian carriers and the Russian Space Station, and BIOSERV [40,41] was one of the first commercial users of the US Space Shuttle. Hardware developed by INTOSPACE and Payload Systems utilized principles based on the vapor diffusion method (see below and refs.…”

Section: Early Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two devices which are available on a commercial basis to interested investigators are the BIOCRYST, buiIt and flown by NPO Energia of Moscow, Russia and the Materials Dispersion Apparatus (MDA) constructed by Instrumentation Technology Associates, Inc. of Malvern, PA and operated by Bioserve of Boulder, Colorado [40,41]. BIOCRYST carries out vapor diffusion crystallization in an array of small sitting drop chambers molded into a plastic tray [175a].…”

Section: Current Hardwarementioning

confidence: 99%

Macromolecular Crystal Growth in Microgravity

McPherson

1996

Crystallography Reviews

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Evidence from a variety of space experiments confirms that gravity does, in some cases, have a significant effect on the crystallization of macromolecules. This has been demonstrated by numerous investigators employing a wide range of instruments and proteins. In the absence of gravity, convective transport of solute is eliminated and pure diffusion predominates. This has the consequence of producing local regions of reduced supersaturation thereby enhancing conditions for optimal growth. In addition, sedimentation of microcrystals and large impurities onto the surfaces of growing crystals, as well as direct contact between crystals, is minimized. The mechanisms for biological macromolecule crystallization, the unique features of their growth, and techniques for growing and characterizing crystals of proteins and viruses are described. The instruments currently available and under development for macromolecular crystal growth and its study in microgravity are reviewed.

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Transport phenomena in the crystallization of lysozyme by osmotic dewatering and liquid-liquid diffusion in low gravity

Cited by 4 publications

References 11 publications

Multistage electrophoresis II: Treatment of a kinetic separation as a pseudoequilibrium process

Multistage electrophoresis II: Treatment of a kinetic separation as a pseudoequilibrium process

Sliding‐Cavity Fluid Contactors in Low‐Gravity Fluids, Materials, and Biotechnology Research

Macromolecular Crystal Growth in Microgravity

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