Transport of Saharan dust across the eastern Mediterranean

Ganor, E.; Mamane, Y.

doi:10.1016/0004-6981(82)90167-6

Cited by 250 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Previous works linked dust fallout over the Levantine Basin to Saharan origins (Ganor and Mamane, 1982;Herut et al, 1999Herut et al, , 2005, whereas the studied event originated from drylands in Eastern Syria ( Figure 1C). This difference in origin is evident in the chemical composition of the Syrian aerosol particles when compared to the reported composition of Saharan dust particles ( Table 2, Table S1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

The Impact of Atmospheric Dry Deposition Associated Microbes on the Southeastern Mediterranean Sea Surface Water following an Intense Dust Storm

et al. 2016

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This study explores the potential impacts of microbes deposited into the surface seawater of the southeastern Mediterranean Sea (SEMS) along with atmospheric particles on marine autotrophic and heterotrophic production. We compared in situ changes in autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial abundance and production rates before and during an intense dust storm event in early September 2015. Additionally, we measured the activity of microbes associated with atmospheric dry deposition (also referred to as airborne microbes) in sterile SEMS water using the same particles collected during the dust storm. A high diversity of prokaryotes and a low diversity of autotrophic eukaryotic algae were delivered to surface SEMS waters by the storm. Autotrophic airborne microbial abundance and activity were low, contributing ∼1% of natural abundance in SEMS water and accounting for 1-4% to primary production. Airborne heterotrophic bacteria comprised 30-50% of the cells and accounted for 13-42% of bacterial production. Our results demonstrate that atmospheric dry deposition may supply not only chemical constitutes but also microbes that can affect ambient microbial populations and their activity in the surface ocean. Airborne microbes may play a greater role in ocean biogeochemistry in the future in light of the expected enhancement of dust storm durations and frequencies due to climate change and desertification processes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

The Impact of Atmospheric Dry Deposition Associated Microbes on the Southeastern Mediterranean Sea Surface Water following an Intense Dust Storm

et al. 2016

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“…Among the individual types of aerosol particles previously investigated, mineral dust is of particular importance because of its high abundance in the atmosphere (Ganor and Mamane, 1982;Gano and Foner, 1996;Chou et al, 2008;Coz et al, 2009) and its demonstrated ability to nucleate cloud droplets (Ma et al, 2004;Furutani et al, 2008;Herich et al, 2009;Koehler et al, 2009;Sullivan et al, 2009Sullivan et al, , 2010Lee et al, 2010;Kumar et al, 2011a, b). It is also important for primary production in oceans and rainforests because air masses laden with crustal material often transport limiting nutrients like iron and phosphorus (Duce et al, 1991;Jickells et al, 2005;Pett-Ridge, 2009).…”

Section: Published By Copernicus Publications On Behalf Of the Europementioning

confidence: 99%

Cloud condensation nucleus activity comparison of dry- and wet-generated mineral dust aerosol: the significance of soluble material

et al. 2014

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Abstract. This study examines the interaction of clay mineral particles and water vapor for determining the conditions required for cloud droplet formation. Droplet formation conditions are investigated for two common clay minerals, illite and sodium-rich montmorillonite, and an industrially derived sample, Arizona Test Dust. Using wet and dry particle generation coupled to a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) and cloud condensation nuclei counter, the critical activation of the clay mineral particles as cloud condensation nuclei is characterized. Electron microscopy (EM) is used in order to determine non-sphericity in particle shape. It is also used in order to determine particle surface area and account for transmission of multiply charged particles by the DMA. Single particle mass spectrometry and ion chromatography are used to investigate soluble material in wet-generated samples and demonstrate that wet and dry generation yield compositionally different particles. Activation results are analyzed in the context of both κ-Köhler theory (κ-KT) and FrenkelHalsey-Hill (FHH) adsorption activation theory. This study has two main results: (1) κ-KT is the suitable framework to describe clay mineral nucleation activity. Apparent differences in κ with respect to size arise from an artifact introduced by improper size-selection methodology. For dust particles with mobility sizes larger than ∼ 300 nm, i.e., ones that are within an atmospherically relevant size range, both κ-KT and FHH theory yield similar critical supersaturations. However, the former requires a single hygroscopicity parameter instead of the two adjustable parameters required by the latter. For dry-generated particles, the size dependence of κ is likely an artifact of the shape of the size distribution: there is a sharp drop-off in particle concentration at ∼ 300 nm, and a large fraction of particles classified with a mobility diameter less than ∼ 300 nm are actually multiply charged, resulting in a much lower critical supersaturation for droplet activation than expected. For wet-generated particles, deviation from κ-KT is likely a result of the dissolution and redistribution of soluble material. (2) Wet generation is found to be unsuitable for simulating the lofting of fresh dry dust because it changes the size-dependent critical supersaturations by fractionating and re-partitioning soluble material.

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“…It becomes evident that mineral dust particles enriched in carbonate minerals such as calcite (CaCO 3 ) and dolomite (MgCa(CO 3 ) 2 ) react with HNO 3 gas to form extremely hygroscopic Ca(NO 3 ) 2 or Mg(NO 3 ) 2 which are suggested to readily deliquesce under subsaturated atmospheric conditions (Krueger et al, 2003(Krueger et al, , 2004Laskin et al, 2005;Matsuki et al, 2005b). Although carbonate minerals are reported to comprise significant fraction of the atmospheric irregular dust particles in many parts of the globe (Ganor and Mamane, 1982;Okada and Kai, 1995; 2004; Kandler et al, 2007), irregularly shaped Ca-rich particles were hardly found in this study. Therefore, the spherical Ca-rich particles containing NO − 3 can be considered as the atmospherically processed carbonate-rich dust particles (i.e.…”

Section: Morphology and Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is dependent on the soil type and the geological situation in the source regions, of which the soils derive. Although silicates are the largest component of the earth's crust, surface soils in some regions are reported to have significantly high contributions of carbonates and other evaporites (Ganor and Mamane, 1982;Okada and Kai, 1995;Krueger et al, 2004;Kandler et al, 2007). The mineralogical maps of the surface erodible soils prepared by Claquin et al (1999) illustrate global coverage of soils containing calcium carbonate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cloud processing of mineral dust: direct comparison of cloud residual and clear sky particles during AMMA aircraft campaign in summer 2006

et al. 2010

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Abstract. In order to gain insights into the characteristics of the mineral dust particles incorporated in the actual cloud droplets and the related cloud processing, the French ATR-42 research aircraft equipped both with a counterflow virtual impactor (CVI) and community aerosol inlet was deployed in Niamey, Niger (13 • 30 N, 02 • 05 E) in August 2006 within the framework of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) project.Cloud residual and clear-sky particles were collected separately and analyzed individually using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and a scanning electron microscope coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The analysis revealed interesting characteristics on the coarse dust particles (Dp>1µm), particularly those which likely had acted as CCN.Traces of heterogeneously formed secondary sulfate, chloride and nitrate were found on many dust particles (though fraction of sulfate may be present in the form of gypsum as primary dust component). These secondary species were particularly enhanced in clouds (i.e. cloud processing). The study illustrates that calcium-rich particles assumed to be carbonates (Calcite, Dolomite) contained the secondary species in significantly larger frequency and amount than the silicates (Quartz, Feldspar, Mica, Clay), suggesting that they represent the most reactive fraction of the mineral dust. A surprisingly large fraction of the Ca-rich particles were already found in deliquesced form even in clear-sky condiCorrespondence to: A. Matsuki (matsuki@staff.kanazawa-u.ac.jp) tions, most probably reflecting their extreme hygroscopicity, resulting from their reaction with HNO 3 gas.Both silicate and Ca-rich particles were found dominant among the supermicron cloud residues, and they were supposed to be those previously activated as CCN. It is highly probable that the observed formation of soluble materials enhanced their cloud nucleating abilities.

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Transport of Saharan dust across the eastern Mediterranean

Cited by 250 publications

References 8 publications

The Impact of Atmospheric Dry Deposition Associated Microbes on the Southeastern Mediterranean Sea Surface Water following an Intense Dust Storm

The Impact of Atmospheric Dry Deposition Associated Microbes on the Southeastern Mediterranean Sea Surface Water following an Intense Dust Storm

Cloud condensation nucleus activity comparison of dry- and wet-generated mineral dust aerosol: the significance of soluble material

Cloud processing of mineral dust: direct comparison of cloud residual and clear sky particles during AMMA aircraft campaign in summer 2006

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