Transport of Radioactive Sodium Across the Synovial Membrane of Normal Human Subjects.

Clearnace of Fe59-labelled erythrocytes from normal and inflamed rabbit knee joints. I. Relationship to the anaemia of rheumatoid arthritis.

“…The half-life of heavy water in human knees is approximately 30 minutes (Scholer, Lee, and Polley, 1959) and that of radioactive sodium 40 minutes (Jacox, Johnson, and Koontz, 1952). Both I131 labelled albumin and 1131 gamma globulin have half-lives of about 30 hours (Rodnan ,and McLachlan, 1960).…”

Intra-articular clearance of labeled dextrans from naive and arthritic rat knee joints

“…Comparisons between naive and diseased joints were made by associating functional measures, like clearance kinetics, to markers of disease state (biomarkers, degree of joint effusion, pain, etc.) [6, 22–24]. More recently, far-red fluorescent dyes in conjunction with in vivo imaging systems have been used to study joint clearance of labeled compounds in living organisms [25, 26, 27].…”

Radioactive xenon (133Xe) disappearance rates from the synovial cavity of the human knee joint in normal and arthritic subjects.

“…Radiosodium (Jacox, Johnson, and Koontz, 1952;Harris and Millard, 1956; Davidson andWisham, 1958, Harris, Millard, andBanerjee, 1958;Scholer, Lee, and Polley, 1959), deuterium (Scholer and others, 1959), and radioiodinated human and rabbit serum albumin (Ahlstrom, Gedda, and Hedberg, 1956; Rodnan and MacLachlan, 1960) have been used to determine "clearance" rates from joints. All these substances have the disadvantage of being recirculated into the joint after passing into the blood stream and of being biologically active.…”