“…Hyper-exponential RPs have frequently been reported in the literature for colloids, microorganisms, and nanoparticles under unfavorable attachment conditions (Bradford and Bettahar, 2006;Bradford and Toride, 2007;Gargiulo et al, 2007Gargiulo et al, , 2008Wang et al, 2011;Wang et al, 2012a). A variety of reasons for hyper-exponential RPs have been identified, including: straining at grainegrain contacts and surface roughness locations (Shellenberger and Logan, 2001;Bradford et al, 2002Bradford et al, ,2003Yoon et al, 2006), particle aggregation Elimelech, 2006, 2007;Chatterjee and Gupta, 2009;Chatterjee et al, 2010), hydrodynamic factors (Li et al, 2005;Bradford et al, 2009;Wang et al, 2011), and chemical heterogeneity on the sand and colloid (Bolster et al, 1999;Li et al, 2004;Tufenkji and Elimelech, 2005;Tong and Johnson, 2006).…”