Transport of 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene and Hexahydro-1, 3, 5-Trinitro-1, 3, 5-Triazine in Soils

Selim, H. M.; Xue, S. K.; Iskandar, Isdaryanto

doi:10.1097/00010694-199511000-00002

Cited by 45 publications

(47 citation statements)

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“…The manufacture, processing, and packaging of TNT at ammunitions plants for several decades have resulted in high concentrations of contaminants in soil (168,199,257), and eventually this pollutant reaches the groundwater (18,169,206). A number of physicochemical treatments have been proposed, and some of them are in use (190).…”

Section: Applications In Tnt Bioremediationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

Esteve‐Núñez

Caballero

Ramos

2001

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

416

287

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Nitroaromatic compounds are xenobiotics that have found multiple applications in the synthesis of foams, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and explosives. These compounds are toxic and recalcitrant and are degraded relatively slowly in the environment by microorganisms. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is the most widely used nitroaromatic compound. Certain strains of Pseudomonas and fungi can use TNT as a nitrogen source through the removal of nitrogen as nitrite from TNT under aerobic conditions and the further reduction of the released nitrite to ammonium, which is incorporated into carbon skeletons. Phanerochaete chrysosporium and other fungi mineralize TNT under ligninolytic conditions by converting it into reduced TNT intermediates, which are excreted to the external milieu, where they are substrates for ligninolytic enzymes. Most if not all aerobic microorganisms reduce TNT to the corresponding amino derivatives via the formation of nitroso and hydroxylamine intermediates. Condensation of the latter compounds yields highly recalcitrant azoxytetranitrotoluenes. Anaerobic microorganisms can also degrade TNT through different pathways. One pathway, found in Desulfovibrio and Clostridium, involves reduction of TNT to triaminotoluene; subsequent steps are still not known. Some Clostridium species may reduce TNT to hydroxylaminodinitrotoluenes, which are then further metabolized. Another pathway has been described in Pseudomonas sp. strain JLR11 and involves nitrite release and further reduction to ammonium, with almost 85% of the N-TNT incorporated as organic N in the cells. It was recently reported that in this strain TNT can serve as a final electron acceptor in respiratory chains and that the reduction of TNT is coupled to ATP synthesis. In this review we also discuss a number of biotechnological applications of bacteria and fungi, including slurry reactors, composting, and land farming, to remove TNT from polluted soils. These treatments have been designed to achieve mineralization or reduction of TNT and immobilization of its amino derivatives on humic material. These approaches are highly efficient in removing TNT, and increasing amounts of research into the potential usefulness of phytoremediation, rhizophytoremediation, and transgenic plants with bacterial genes for TNT removal are being done

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Section: Applications In Tnt Bioremediationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

Esteve‐Núñez

Caballero

Ramos

2001

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

416

287

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“…A adsorção é a interação do explosivo com as frações presentes no solo. É um processo determinante para se entender o destino dos explosivos, pois está relacionado diretamente aos processos de transporte, adsorção e bioatividade destes no solo 27,28 . O movimento de moléculas orgânicas no solo pode ocorrer por lixiviação, escoamento superficial e volatilização 29 .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Adsorção/dessorção do explosivo tetril em turfa e em argissolo vermelho amarelo

Falone¹,

Vieira²

2004

Quím. Nova

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Recebido em 7/4/03; aceito em 12/4/04; publicado na web em 27/8/04 ADSORPTION/DESORPTION OF THE EXPLOSIVE TETRYL IN PEAT AND YELLOW-RED ARGISSOL. This paper presents the study of adsorption/desorption of the explosive tetryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethyl-nitramine) in different matrices, such as in natura soil, roasted soil, humic acid of soil, in natura peat, roasted peat and humic acid of peat. The aim of the study is to evaluate the interaction capacity of those matrices with the explosive. The analytic technique used was HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography), with UV-detection at 230 nm. The Freundlich isotherms were utilized for the mathematical treatment of the data. The results indicated that in natura soil and in natura peat (with organic substances) are excellent matrices for the retention of tetryl, adsorbing it and keeping it immovable, preventing it from contaminating the groundwater. The largest adsorption of the explosive ocurred in in natura soil, while the smallest desorption was observed in in natura peat. After the calcination of the matrices, the smallest adsorption was observed, indicating that the retention occurs in the organic substance.Keywords: explosive; adsorption; desorption. INTRODUÇÃOUm dos sérios problemas ambientais que são causados pelas indústrias de armamentos é a presença de explosivos em locais onde as munições foram manufaturadas, estocadas, usadas ou ainda desmilitarizadas 1 , sendo tais artefatos dispostos indevidamente no meio ambiente 2 . A produção, estocagem e disposição de explosivos nas instalações militares iniciou-se antes da I Guerra Mundial, embora a grande maioria destas instalações tenha aumentado e intensificado suas atividades durante a II Guerra Mundial. Na Alemanha e nos EUA há um grande número de locais altamente contaminados por explosivos e munições em geral 2 . No Brasil, a maior quantidade de explosivos é produzida pelo exército. A fabricação ou importação desses compostos por particulares é permitida somente com a autorização do Ministério do Exército, mesmo assim o risco de contaminação existe, uma vez que o controle do uso desses artefatos ainda é incipiente.A principal fonte de contaminação de superfícies aquáticas por nitro-compostos está associada principalmente aos processos industriais de fabricação de bombas e munições em geral. A descarga de rejeitos gerados durante a manufatura e o processamento, bem como o nível de contaminação causado por explosivos variam amplamente, dependendo da intensidade das operações de manufatura e da eficácia das tecnologias empregadas no tratamento dos resíduos 3 . Devido aos altos índices de contaminação por explosivos nos solos, nas águas superficiais e subterrâneas e em locais próximos de indústrias manufatureiras, surgiram vários estudos relacionados com a determinação destes compostos nos solos e nas águas 4-8 . Os explosivos são compostos orgânicos que contêm nitrogênio, que se oxidam formando pequenas moléculas gasosas (N 2 , H 2 O e CO 2 ) 3 e que sob ação de um choque térmico, elétrico ou mecânico ...

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“…Absorption onto or into natural organic matter (NOM) has been identified as a significant removal process for organic contaminants in environments where NOM is greater than >0.2% , which might be expected in estuarine systems. Many terrestrial and groundwater studies identify the association of TNT and particulate organic matter (POM) as an irreversible binding (Selim et al 1995, Comfort et al 1995, Pennington et al 1995, Achtnich et al, 1999, Pennington et al, 1999, but in the presence of live bacterial assemblages, it would be difficult to differentiate radiolabel incorporated into bacterial macromolecules from that covalently binding to POM. The presence of colloidal and dissolved organic matter (DOM) may also influence the fate of TNT in the marine water column and sedimentary porewater, as indicated in previous investigations on the enhanced water solubility of several organic pollutants by dissolved humic and fulvic acids (Chiou et al 1986).…”

Section: Abioticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Union Support Recovery in High-Dimensional Multivariate Regression

Obozinski

Wainwright

Jordan

2008

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Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98)Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Once released in the environment, either through detonation, casing breakage, or by slow leaks from unexploded ordnance (UXO), nitrogenous energetic compounds (NEC, such as TNT, HMX, RDX) may sorb onto particulates, partition to dissolved organic matter, or remain dissolved in aqueous media. Our hypothesis was that NEC would be transient in coastal ecosystems. This was based primarily on the understanding that microbial growth in these systems is typically nitrogen-limited and there are few examples of nitrogen based organic compounds that are not rapidly metabolized in these environments. During 14 sampling events in coastal waterways from 2002 to 2007, we measured TNT mineralization rates in surface sediment and water samples that were often the same as, or within one order of magnitude of, the rate of total heterotrophic bacterial metabolism. These rates were often similar to those of other organic compounds that are transient in natural ecosystems due to their use in bacterial metabolism, such as petroleum hydrocarbons and amino acids. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) SPONSOR / MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) SPONSOR / MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S)

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Transport of 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene and Hexahydro-1, 3, 5-Trinitro-1, 3, 5-Triazine in Soils

Cited by 45 publications

References 0 publications

Biological Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

Biological Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

Adsorção/dessorção do explosivo tetril em turfa e em argissolo vermelho amarelo

Union Support Recovery in High-Dimensional Multivariate Regression

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