Transport, fate, and infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts released from manure and leached through macroporous soil

Boyer, Douglas G.; Kuczynska, Ewa; Fayer, R.

doi:10.1007/s00254-008-1580-x

Cited by 32 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Schijven et al (70) observed that drops exerted greater mechanical forces on manure than mist did, resulting in higher oocyst release rates from manure under simulated rain conditions. The oocyst recovery rates of Boyer et al (13) from surface-applied manure were greater (0.12 to 0.27%) than those of the present study (0.05%), but that might have been a result of rainfall intensities of 2.8 cm h Ϫ1 , as opposed to this study's maximum rainfall intensity of 0.48 cm h Ϫ1 . The greater finding of oocysts from the injected soil cores in leachate could have been the result of lower exposure to inactivation factors such as desiccation or UV light (40).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

“…After 156 days at 4°C, 72% of oocysts were viable in a silt loam soil and 27% in distilled water (control), but at 20°C, 59.2% of oocysts were viable in the soil and no viable oocysts could be detected in the water (42). Cool temperatures (10°C) appear to increase viability and maintain infectivity of oocysts (61) as well as increasing the release of oocysts from manure and leaching through karst soil (13). The correlation between methods used to detect viable oocysts and infective oocysts has been questioned, and divergent results have been described in the literature (66,69).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Leaching of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts, Escherichia coli, and a Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Bacteriophage through Intact Soil Cores following Surface Application and Injection of Slurry

Forslund

Markussen

Toenner-Klank

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Increasing amounts of livestock manure are being applied to agricultural soil, but it is unknown to what extent this may be associated with contamination of aquatic recipients and groundwater if microorganisms are transported through the soil under natural weather conditions. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate how injection and surface application of pig slurry on intact sandy clay loam soil cores influenced the leaching of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium bacteriophage 28B, Escherichia coli, and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. All three microbial tracers were detected in the leachate on day 1, and the highest relative concentration was detected on the fourth day (0.1 pore volume). Although the concentration of the phage 28B declined over time, the phage was still found in leachate at day 148. C. parvum oocysts and chloride had an additional rise in the relative concentration at a 0.5 pore volume, corresponding to the exchange of the total pore volume. The leaching of E. coli was delayed compared with that of the added microbial tracers, indicating a stronger attachment to slurry particles, but E. coli could be detected up to 3 months. Significantly enhanced leaching of phage 28B and oocysts by the injection method was seen, whereas leaching of the indigenous E. coli was not affected by the application method. Preferential flow was the primary transport vehicle, and the diameter of the fractures in the intact soil cores facilitated transport of all sizes of microbial tracers under natural weather conditions.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaching of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts, Escherichia coli, and a Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Bacteriophage through Intact Soil Cores following Surface Application and Injection of Slurry

Forslund

Markussen

Toenner-Klank

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Higher macroporosities have been found in agroforestry buffer strips compared to grass buffer strips (Udawatta et al 2006). Boyer et al (2009) found that macropores readily transmitted Cryptosporidium oocysts, which are two to four times greater in size than FC, through undisturbed soil columns. The high FC concentrations at the soil/bedrock interface in HF were not expected since livestock were not grazed in the vicinity of the piezometers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Nitrate and fecal coliform concentration differences at the soil/bedrock interface in Appalachian silvopasture, pasture, and forest

Boyer

Neel

2010

Agroforest Syst

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A major limitation to efficient forage-based livestock production in Appalachia is asynchrony of forage availability and quality with nutritional requirements of the grazer. Producers require dependable plant resources and management practices that improve the seasonal distribution and persistence of high quality herbage, sustainability and environmental integrity of the agricultural landscape. It was hypothesized that inorganic N and fecal coliform concentrations delivered in leachate to the soil/bedrock interface would be lowest in deciduous forest (HF) and highest in pasture (CP) with HF converted to silvopasture (SP) between the two. Piezometers were used to monitor water quality at the soil/bedrock interface under conventional pasture, SP, and hardwood forest. The pasture and SP were rotationally grazed by sheep during the spring to fall grazing season (2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008). Geometric mean fecal coliform bacteria concentrations (FC) were greatest in SP (18 FC 100 mL -1 ) with no difference between CP (7.5 FC 100 mL -1 ) and HF (5.6 FC 100 mL -1 ). Mean NO 3 -N concentration was lowest in SP (2.3 mg L -1 ) and greatest in CP (4.4 mg L -1 ) and HF (4.1 mg L -1 ), which were not significantly different. Mean NH 4 -N concentrations showed different trends with the lowest mean concentration in CP (0.5 mg L -1 ) and the greatest in SP (2.5 mg L -1 ) and HF (2.6 mg L -1 ), which were not significantly different. SP was shown to be a management option in the study area that reduces nitrate leaching, but should be considered cautiously in near-stream areas and near wells where fecal bacteria pollution can be problematic. This study makes an important contribution to our knowledge about interactions between landscape management and environmental quality of the Appalachian region. A diversity of land and forage management options are needed to maximize forage and livestock productivity while protecting surface and groundwater quality of the region.

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“…Other studies have investigated the transport of Cryptosporidium oocysts through soil (4,8,9,15,25,32), but none of these studies evaluated the leaching of oocysts following application of separated liquid slurry containing oocysts. In our study, soil columns with injected liquid slurry released more oocysts over the 4-week study period than did soil columns with added raw slurry regardless of the application method, although the difference was not statistically significant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have looked at the transport of oocysts through soil, but only a few studies have determined the viability and/or infectivity of oocysts in leachate and soil (4,15,22 a That is, the sum of total oocysts recovered from the0.01% dry matter content from the three soil sections. b LS-ME (95% CI), back-transformed least-significant mean estimate (95% confidence interval).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts in Soil Columns following Applications of Raw and Separated Liquid Slurries

Petersen

Enemark²,

Olsen

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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ABSTRACTThe potential for the transport of viableCryptosporidium parvumoocysts through soil to land drains and groundwater was studied using simulated rainfall and intact soil columns which were applied raw slurry or separated liquid slurry. Following irrigation and weekly samplings over a 4-week period,C. parvumoocysts were detected from all soil columns regardless of slurry type and application method, although recovery rates were low (<1%). Soil columns with injected liquid slurry leached 73 and 90% more oocysts compared to columns with injected and surface-applied raw slurries, respectively. Among leachate samples containing oocysts, 44/72 samples yielded viable oocysts as determined by a dye permeability assay (DAPI [4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole]/propidium iodide) with the majority (41%) of viable oocysts found in leachate from soil columns with added liquid slurry. The number of viable oocysts was positively correlated (r= 0.63) with the total number of oocysts found. Destructively sampling of the soil columns showed that type of slurry and irrigation played a role in the vertical distribution of oocysts, with more oocysts recovered from soil columns added liquid slurry irrespective of the irrigation status. Further studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of different slurry separation technologies to remove oocysts and other pathogens, as well as whether the application of separated liquid slurry to agricultural land may represent higher risks for groundwater contamination compared to application of raw slurry.

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Transport, fate, and infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts released from manure and leached through macroporous soil

Cited by 32 publications

References 27 publications

Leaching of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts, Escherichia coli, and a Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Bacteriophage through Intact Soil Cores following Surface Application and Injection of Slurry

Leaching of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts, Escherichia coli, and a Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Bacteriophage through Intact Soil Cores following Surface Application and Injection of Slurry

Nitrate and fecal coliform concentration differences at the soil/bedrock interface in Appalachian silvopasture, pasture, and forest

Transport of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts in Soil Columns following Applications of Raw and Separated Liquid Slurries

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