Transport, Development and Climate Change Mitigation: Towards an Integrated Approach

Low-Carbon Transport Policy in Four ASEAN Countries: Developments in Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam

“…ASI therefore may not play a major role as a policy concept yet. As it has only become well-known in recent years [25], it would be premature to draw conclusions from this observation. Nevertheless, all four countries are developing or implementing measures in each of the ASI categories.…”

“…In this framework, low-carbon transport policy needs to cover measures aimed at: (a) avoiding the need to travel, e.g., by improved urban planning, travel demand management or road pricing, and e-communication options (mobile phone use, teleworking); (b) shifting travel to the most efficient or clean mode, e.g., non-motorised or public transport; and (c) improving the environmental performance of transport through technological improvements to make vehicles more energy efficient and fuels less carbon-intensive (see also Appendix A). Bakker et al [25] argue that, to bring the ASI approach closer to a practical guide to sustainable transport policy, "access" needs to be added to cover the positive impacts of transport as well as elements of sustainable lifestyles and transition thinking, the latter based on, e.g., Geels [29]. An analysis of transport transitions and experimentation concludes that in Thailand, sustainable transport niches do not (yet) challenge the dominant regime of motorisation [30].…”

“…Such changes include the shift away from "predict−provide−manage" to "provide−predict" [20], a renewed emphasis on transport indicators such as accessibility, quality of life, equity and justice [21] and interventions aimed at improving these, such as transport demand management [22,23] or people-focused policy development [24]. There is an emerging consensus among scholars, international organisations and governments that in addition to the contribution transport makes towards economic and social development, its negative impacts on society need to be minimised to move towards sustainable transport [25]. The climate change policy agenda, in particular the notion that dangerous climate change cannot be avoided without deep GHG reductions in the transport sector, is one key driver for thinking on sustainable transport policy.…”

Modified Scorecard Method for Evaluating Climate Aspects of Urban Transport Systems

“…Regarding the possible actions in reducing GHG emissions from road transport Bakker et al (2014) suggested ASI-model that is based on avoid-shift-improve approach, namely avoiding travel demands, shifting from motorized to non-motorized and less harmful transport modes and improving environmental performance via increase of engine effectiveness.…”

“…Beside these, inadequately planned transport systems may result negative local impacts and global consequences, such as increasing air pollution, climate-related impacts on infrastructure, more frequent congestions and decreasing road safety (Bakker et al, 2014;Griskeviciene et al, 2013). Above mentioned impacts and consequences can generate such a complex set of problems, where potential solutions are critical regarding efficient and resilient future operation of cities.…”