Transplacental transmission of Anaplasma marginale in beef cattle chronically infected in southern Brazil

Grau, Hermann Eduardo Gonzalez; Filho, Nilton Azevedo da Cunha; Pappen, Felipe Geraldo; Farias, Nara Amélia da Rosa

doi:10.1590/s1984-29612013000200038

Cited by 29 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In our study, a high transplacental transmission rate of A. marginale was observed. This result has been reported in most acute experimental infections (Zaugg, 1985;Ribeiro et al, 1995;Kessler, 2001), and also in naturally infected pregnant cows (Norton et al, 1983;Ribeiro et al, 1995;Maldonado et al, 2012;Grau et al, 2013;Silva et al, 2015). Prior studies have demonstrated that transmission occurs in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy (Zaugg and Kuttler, 1984;Zaugg, 1985;Potgieter and Van Rensburg, 1987;Ribeiro et al, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

“…Two of these animals also had leptospiraemia, with a co-infection of A. marginale, BVDV and Leptospira sp., which may have acted synergistically to decrease the haematocrit levels and lead to death. The other calf had a presumptive diagnosis of fatal neonatal anaplasmosis Previous reports of congenital and asymptomatic babesiosis (for B. bovis) and anaplasmosis (Fowler and Swift, 1975;Zaugg, 1985;Osaki et al, 2002;Maldonado et al, 2012;Grau et al, 2013;Santarosa et al, 2013), or sick calves with anaplasmosis and babesiosis (De Vos et al, 1976;Paine and Miller, 1977;Norton et al, 1983;Passos and Lima, 1984;Barbosa et al, 1994;Bracarense et al, 2001;Yeruham et al, 2003) have been published. Thus, it is evident that this pathway is important in some regions (Silva et al, 2015) for the ease of transmission, and as a cause of economic loss that it might entail.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The transplacental transmission of A. marginale is the most common, being described extensively in experimental studies, including longitudinal studies (Norton et al, 1983;Potgieter and Van Rensburg, 1987;Ribeiro et al, 1995;Pypers et al, 2011;Maldonado et al, 2012;Grau et al, 2013;Silva et al, 2015). It mainly occurs between the second and third trimesters of pregnancy (Fowler and Swift, 1975;Paumer, 1976, 1978;Zaugg and Kuttler, 1984;Zaugg, 1985;Potgieter and Van Rensburg, 1987;Ribeiro et al, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transplacental transmission of bovine tick-borne pathogens: Frequency, co-infections and fatal neonatal anaplasmosis in a region of enzootic stability in the northeast of Brazil

Costa

Magalhães

Oliveira³

et al. 2016

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases

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Bovine tick-borne disease (TBD) constitutes a worldwide group of diseases that result in great losses for dairy and beef cattle. With regard to the epidemiological profile of the diseases, the importance of transplacental transmission is still not very well understood. The aim of this study was to determine the transplacental transmission of TBD agents (Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis and B. bigemina) in a herd of dairy cattle that had been naturally infected in an area of enzootic stability in northeastern Brazil. Blood for serology of the three agents was collected from cows within 120 days of gestation and serology, haemogram and nPCR assays were performed after birth. Blood was collected from the calves within 3h of birth, and haemogram and nPCR assays were performed in all animals. Pre-colostrum serology was achieved in 34 animals. The Student's t-test was used to compare the haemogram results between animals that were positive and negative for the haemoparasites. The cows were seropositive for all agents in at least one of the examinations. We detected 15 cases of vertical transmission of A. marginale, 4 of B. bovis and 2 of B. bigemina in the 60 cows. In infected animals, co-infection was detected for A. marginale and B. bovis in 1 of 60 calves, and a triple infection was detected in one other calf. Fatal neonatal anaplasmosis was observed in 1 of 15 calves, in which death occurred within 24h of birth. From the results, we concluded that transplacental transmission of TBD agents occurs, including in cases of co- and triple-infection. Such transplacental transmission can cause neonatal death, increasing the importance of this form of epidemiological transmission and suggesting its role as a cause of undiagnosed neonatal death.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transplacental transmission of bovine tick-borne pathogens: Frequency, co-infections and fatal neonatal anaplasmosis in a region of enzootic stability in the northeast of Brazil

Costa

Magalhães

Oliveira³

et al. 2016

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases

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“…2.32 × 10 -3 ) in the uterus of co-infected non-pregnant bitches in this study. The possibility of vertical transmission of A. platys in dogs is in agreement with knowledge of this event occurring for Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in cattle [ 31 , 32 ], whereas the minimal data relative to in utero transmission of A. phagocytophilum in dogs [ 33 ] did not support transplacental transmission. Controlled laboratory studies involving puppies from bitches infected with A. platys should be addressed to better understand this transmission pattern.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Vertical transmission of Anaplasma platys and Leishmania infantum in dogs during the first half of gestation

et al. 2016

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BackgroundLeishmania infantum is a canine zoonotic vector-borne protozoan pathogen transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies, whereas Anaplasma platys is a bacterium most likely transmitted by ticks. While vertical transmission of L. infantum from pregnant bitches to their offspring has been documented, thus far no studies have explored the possibility of vertical transmission of A. platys in dogs. This study investigated the occurrence of vertical transmission of L. infantum and A. platys in sheltered dogs during the first half of gestation, in an area of southern Italy characterised by a high incidence of infection by both pathogens.MethodsThe study population included 20 bitches (n = 10 pregnant, at 25–35 days of pregnancy; n = 10 non-pregnant), all subjected to ovariohysterectomy, which were examined for the presence of L. infantum and A. platys via cytological screening of bone marrow and whole blood samples. Infection by L. infantum and A. platys was also tested by immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) targeting both pathogens. Selected tissue samples (n = 210) collected during surgical procedures from bitches and foetuses (n = 20) were assessed for the presence of L. infantum and A. platys by qPCR targeting a fragment of the kinetoplast minicircle DNA (kDNA) and the 16S rRNA gene, respectively.ResultsLeishmania infantum DNA was not amplified from either uteri or ovaries from pregnant bitches or foetal tissue samples, whereas a subset of ovarian (n = 2) and uterine (n = 4) tissue samples from non-pregnant bitches were infected, with parasite loads of up to 3.09 × 10 and 7.51 parasite/PCR reaction, respectively. Conversely, uterine (n = 10) and ovarian (n = 8) tissues from both pregnant and non-pregnant bitches, together with a subset (n = 5) of foetal tissue samples were qPCR positive for A. platys. Leishmania infantum and A. platys nucleic acids were amplified from two uteri from non-pregnant bitches, with parasite loads of up to 2.32 × 10-3 and 2.05 parasite/per PCR reaction, respectively.ConclusionsResults from this study suggest that, in contrast to L. infantum, A. platys can be transmitted from pregnant dogs to their offspring during the first half of gestation. This hypothesis remains to be verified, for instance via direct observation of parasites in postpartum foetal tissues.

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“…Anaplasma marginale is an obligate intracellular bacterium. It can be biologically transmitted by ticks, and mechanically transmitted by hematophagous dipterans, infected blood in photites, and also transplacental (Aubry & Geale 2011, Grau et al 2013. This rickettsia causes a condition called anaplasmosis, which is endemic in tropical and subtropical areas, and result in considerable economic loses for the beef and dairy industries worldwide (Kocan et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental infection by Anaplasma marginale in buffaloes and cattle: clinical, hematological, molecular and pathological aspects

et al. 2019

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The study aimed to evaluate and compare the clinical, laboratory and pathological aspects of buffalo and bovine experimentally infected with AmRio 2 strain of Anaplasma marginale. Four Murrah buffaloes and four crossbred cattle were used in the experiment, which two animals of each species were splenectomized. Strain AmRio 2 of A. marginale was inoculated in all experimental animals. Clinical exams, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), blood counts, blood smears, rickettsemia, necropsy and histopathology were performed in all cases. Semi-Nested-PCR (snPCR) for the msp5 and snPCR for the msp1α target gene for identification of A. marginale in blood samples from animals was done. From positive samples for msp1α snPCR, samples were analyzed for the amino acid sequences of this gene. Two splenectomized cattle presented apathy, pale mucous membranes, jaundice, hyperthermia, and severe anemia. The remaining experimental animals did not show clinical signs. The rickettsemia in all animals was less than 1%. The mean PCV of the splenectomized cattle was below 20% at two-time points after infection. On the blood count, the main changes were observed in splenectomized calves and were characterized by a decrease in red blood cells, hemoglobin, PCV and platelets (p <0.05). All animals presented leukocyte elevation by increased lymphocytes, however, with no significant difference. The average prepatent period was two days in all the animals. The average incubation period in cattle that became ill was 25.5 days, and death occurred, on average, 63 days after inoculation of the strain. The necropsy findings were characterized by pale carcass, ascites, enlarged liver, distended gallbladder, and thick bile. Histopathological findings included infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes in various organs, hepatic sinusoidal dilatation, and necrosis of the large intestine. In snPCR for the msp5 gene, 100% of the animals were positive in at least one evaluation. And in the snPCR for the infection of the msp1α target gene was also found in all animals in at least one sample evaluated. However, sequencing revealed only five animals, including the bovine which died, with a similarity of the amino acid sequences with AmRio 2 strain of A. marginale. It is concluded that the splenectomized cattle died due to anaplasmosis caused by the inoculated strain and the buffalo were more resistant compared to cattle. Buffaloes can be an alternative to cattle rearing in areas with a high occurrence of clinical cases of anaplasmosis.

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Transplacental transmission of Anaplasma marginale in beef cattle chronically infected in southern Brazil

Cited by 29 publications

References 12 publications

Transplacental transmission of bovine tick-borne pathogens: Frequency, co-infections and fatal neonatal anaplasmosis in a region of enzootic stability in the northeast of Brazil

Transplacental transmission of bovine tick-borne pathogens: Frequency, co-infections and fatal neonatal anaplasmosis in a region of enzootic stability in the northeast of Brazil

Vertical transmission of Anaplasma platys and Leishmania infantum in dogs during the first half of gestation

Experimental infection by Anaplasma marginale in buffaloes and cattle: clinical, hematological, molecular and pathological aspects

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