Transplacental passage of blood cells.

Schröder, Jim

doi:10.1136/jmg.12.3.230

Cited by 111 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(118 reference statements)

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“…22 During pregnancy, fetal and maternal cells of various types are transferred between the mother and the fetus, predominantly from the fetus to the mother. 23 Fetal erythrocytes and leukocytes can be found in the peripheral blood of up to 25 percent of pregnant women during the first trimester 24 and 40 to 70 percent of women by the third trimester. 25 Fetal stem cells engrafted in the maternal lymphoid organs or bone marrow may help to maintain tolerance to the semiallogeneic fetoplacental graft, and fetal hematopoietic stem cells have been detected in the circulation of women up to 27 years post partum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Fetal DNA and Cells in Skin Lesions from Women with Systemic Sclerosis

Jb²,

Jimenez³

1998

N Engl J Med

440

255

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Fetal DNA and Cells in Skin Lesions from Women with Systemic Sclerosis

Jb²,

Jimenez³

1998

N Engl J Med

440

255

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“…In foetal microchimerism, there is a transfer of cells or DNA from the foetus to the mother during pregnancy (8). Foetal-derived DNA has been found in maternal blood as early as in the first trimester (9) and up to 38 years after pregnancy (10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lack of association between thyroid autoantibodies and parity in a population study argues against microchimerism as a trigger of thyroid autoimmunity

et al. 2006

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Background: Thyroid autoimmunity is more common in females than in males. One possible explanation for this female preponderance may be the effect of oestrogens on the immune system. It has also been suggested that foetal microchimerism involving transfer of foetal cells into maternal tissue during pregnancy may play an important role. Objective: We investigated the association between the presence of circulating thyroid autoantibodies and previous pregnancy, parity and the use of oral contraceptives (OCs) and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in a population cohort. Methods: We examined 3712 women randomly selected from the general population. Serum was analysed for thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) and thyroglobulin antibody (Tg-Ab) using assays based on an RIA technique (DYNO test). Data were analysed in logistic regression models to adjust for possible confounders. Women previously treated for thyroid disease or with pregnancy within 1 year prior to the study were excluded from the analyses. Results: In both univariate and multivariate models and whether the presence of TPO-Ab and Tg-Ab was investigated alone or in combination, findings were negative with respect to an association between circulating thyroid antibodies and previous pregnancy, number of pregnancies, parity and previous abortion. There was no association between thyroid autoantibodies and use of OCs. Women aged 60 -65 years receiving HRT now or previously had a lower prevalence of Tg-Ab (univariate, P ¼ 0.01; multivariate, P ¼ 0.02). No such association was observed between HRT and TPO-Ab. Conclusion: In this population study there was no association between previous pregnancy, parity and thyroid antibodies, which argues against the role of microchimerism as a trigger of thyroid autoimmunity. Exogenous oestrogens may reduce aspects of autoimmunity.

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“…Several investigators have documented the existence of fetal cells in the maternal blood by using either microscopic studies or flow cytometric analysis. [1][2][3] The introduction of the techniques of molecular biology, including such techniques as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), has greatly facilitated the detection of fetal cells in maternal tissues. In 1989, Lo et al 4 were the first to show that the Y chromosome-specific sequences from a male fetus could be amplified from blood samples of pregnant women by PCR.…”

Section: Detection Of Fetal Microchimerismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal microchimerisms in the mother: Immunologic implications

et al. 2000

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The previously held concept that the fetus is completely separated from the mother, especially by trophoblasts that line the outer layer of the placenta, has recently been questioned. It has recently been shown that fetal cells are detectable not only in the peripheral blood, but also in maternal skin and liver. Although the migration of fetal cells into the maternal circulation has been given a great deal of attention because of its implication in the prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases, the potential role of such placental transfer of fetal cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases has only recently been considered. In patients with scleroderma, fetal cell-derived DNA was detected more frequently in the peripheral blood of patients than controls. This finding of a limited number of fetal cells in maternal tissues leading to microchimerism has been proposed to have a role in the induction of scleroderma. Although evidence for microchimerism has also been confirmed in a high frequency of liver tissues from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), a similar high frequency was noted in control patients, which suggests that microchimerism by itself is unlikely to fully account for the pathogenesis of PBC. The finding of such a high frequency of fetal microchimerism in the liver suggests that this is a very common event, raising the possibility that the migration of fetal cells may be important in the induction and subsequent maintenance of tolerance against the fetus during pregnancy. In addition, it is clearly possible that such microchimerism could contribute to the pathogenesis of select autoimmune diseases. Copyright 2000 by the American Association for the Study of Liver DiseasesA lthough the fetus in the uterus is sequestered from the mother by the placenta, this is not a mechanically complete barrier. Several examples show that fetal cells migrating into the maternal body can be found in such tissues as blood and skin. Fetal-derived DNA can be detected in maternal peripheral blood at early stages of gestation and persist long after pregnancy. Recently, our laboratory has also shown that fetal cell-derived genes are detectable in maternal liver tissue, in some cases as long as 43 years after pregnancy. Whether this microchimerism, i.e., migration and presence of fetal cells within maternal tissues, has an important role in either physiological or immunologic function is unclear, but the very high detection rate of fetal-derived DNA in the mother provides suggestive evidence that microchimerism may not be an uninvolved bystander. We review recent studies showing microchimerism in the mother and address its putative role in autoimmunity and the maintenance of tolerance against the fetus.

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Transplacental passage of blood cells.

Cited by 111 publications

References 53 publications

Identification of Fetal DNA and Cells in Skin Lesions from Women with Systemic Sclerosis

Identification of Fetal DNA and Cells in Skin Lesions from Women with Systemic Sclerosis

Lack of association between thyroid autoantibodies and parity in a population study argues against microchimerism as a trigger of thyroid autoimmunity

Fetal microchimerisms in the mother: Immunologic implications

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