Transparent Fiber-Reinforced Composites Based on a Thermoset Resin Using Liquid Composite Molding (LCM) Techniques

Caydamli, Yavuz; Heudorfer, Klaus; Take, Jens; Podjaski, Filip; Middendorf, Peter; Buchmeiser, Michael R.

doi:10.3390/ma14206087

Cited by 13 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…Fiber-reinforced polymers, usually referred to as fiber-matrix composites, have gained enormous importance in many areas of polymer-based light-weight construction. [1][2][3][4][5][6] In order to achieve perfect fiber-matrix adhesion, a prerequisite for optimum load transmission during use, fibers are usually impregnated with low-viscosity monomers, which are then polymerized (cured) to yield the desired (crosslinked) polymers. Composite formation can be achieved, for example, by means of reaction transfer molding (RTM) or a vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, we outline the first use of the truly thermally latent Mo-based pre-catalyst Mo(N-3,5-Me (1) in the manufacturing of both, basalt and S-glass fiber-reinforced poly-DCPD-based fiber matrix composites, which is the first use of a Mo-based catalyst at all. Complementarily, for benchmarking purposes, the non-latent firstgeneration Grubbs initiator RuCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 (CHPh) (2) is used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization‐Derived Poly(dicyclopentadiene)/Fiber Composites Using Latent Pre‐Catalysts

Kordes,

Mourgas,

Steinmann

et al. 2024

Macro Materials & Eng

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The preparation of basalt and S‐glass fiber‐reinforced poly(dicyclopentadiene) via ring‐opening metathesis polymerization using a thermally latent pre‐catalyst, that is, Mo(N‐3,5‐Me2‐C6H3)(= CH‐(2‐MeO‐C6H4))(IMes)(OTf)2 (1, IMes = 1,3‐dimesitylimidazol‐2‐ylidene; OTf = SO3CF3) is reported. Complementarily, the non‐latent first‐generation Grubbs initiator RuCl2(PPh3)2(CHPh) (2) is used. 2 can be rendered latent by the addition of ppm amounts of triphenylphosphine (PPh3). Both 1 and 2/PPh3 allow the realization of thermally latent single‐component systems with sufficient pot life that do not require pre‐mixing of the individual components shortly before use. The prepared fiber matrix composites are characterized in terms of mechanical, thermal, and chemical stability.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization‐Derived Poly(dicyclopentadiene)/Fiber Composites Using Latent Pre‐Catalysts

Kordes,

Mourgas,

Steinmann

et al. 2024

Macro Materials & Eng

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“…As outlined in a previous paper [8], the optical transparency of glass fiber-reinforced composites depends on the following requirements: the fiber and polymer matrix should be either amorphous or their crystalline structures should be much smaller than the wavelength of visible light [9]. As E-glass fibers and an epoxy-based polymer matrix were used in this study, the amorphous material criterion applies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As E-glass fibers and an epoxy-based polymer matrix were used in this study, the amorphous material criterion applies. In the literature, both glass fibers and ribbons were used together with an epoxy-based polymer matrix [2,8,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. On the other hand, nanofiber-reinforced transparent composites were produced using the above-mentioned principle that their structures are smaller than the wavelength of visible light [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Method of Manufacturing Structural, Optically Transparent Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (tGFRP) Using Infusion Techniques with Epoxy Resin Systems and E-Glass Fabrics

et al. 2023

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Recently, fiber-reinforced, epoxy-based, optically transparent composites were successfully produced using resin transfer molding (RTM) techniques. Generally, the production of structural, optically transparent composites is challenging since it requires the combination of a very smooth mold surface with a sufficient control of resin flow that leads to no visible voids. Furthermore, it requires a minimum deviation of the refractive indices (RIs) of the matrix polymer and the reinforcement fibers. Here, a new mold design is described and three plates of optically transparent glass fiber-reinforced polymers (tGFRP) with reproducible properties as well as high fiber volume fractions were produced using the RTM process and in situ polymerization of an epoxy resin system enclosing E-glass fiber textiles. Their mechanical (flexural), microstructural (fiber volume fraction, surface roughness, etc.), thermal (DSC, TGA, etc.), and optical (dispersion curves of glass fibers and polymer as well as transmission over visible spectra curves of the tGFRP at varying tempering states) properties were evaluated. The research showed improved surface quality and good transmission data for samples manufactured by a new Optical-RTM setup compared to a standard RTM mold. The maximum transmission was reported to be ≈74%. In addition, no detectable voids were found in these samples. Furthermore, a flexural modulus of 23.49 ± 0.64 GPa was achieved for the Optical-RTM samples having a fiber volume fraction of ≈42%.

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“…Additional advantages and enhanced properties are obtained because of the low cost of production by combining a thermoset polymer with fibers, such as carbon, glass or aramid fibers, to have thermoset composites [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Indeed, thermoset structural composites have been mainly used in aircraft components, on the surface and in the water transport industries, ensuring high performance for the final products and allowing savings in fuel consumption because they are lightweight [ 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Thermoset Materials and Thermoset-Based Composites: Challenge and Opportunity

Morici

Dintcheva

2022

Polymers

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Thermoset materials and their composites are characterized by a long life cycle with their main applications in aircrafts, wind turbines and constructions as insulating materials. Considering the importance of recovery and valorization of these materials at their end-of-life, avoiding landfilling, the interest concerning their recycling grows continuously. The thermoset materials and their composites, to be successfully recovered and valorized, must degrade their three-dimensional structures and recover the mono-oligomers and/or fillers. The thermoset materials could successfully degrade through thermal treatment at different temperatures (for example, above 1000 °C for incineration, ca. 500 °C for oxidation/combustion of organic constituents, etc.), chemical degradation by catalyst, irradiation with or without the presence of water, alcohol, etc., and mechanical recycling, obtaining fine particles that are useful as filler and/or reinforcement additives. Among these recycling methods, this mini-review focuses on the formulation and recovery method of innovative thermoset with in-build recyclability, i.e., materials having chemical links that could be degraded on-demand or containing dynamic covalent bonds to have re-processable and/or recyclable thermoset. This issue could be considered the future perspective in developing novel thermoset materials. The aim of this review is to get an overview of the state of the art in thermoset recycling and of the most commonly used thermoset composites, recovering valuable reinforcing fibers. Additionally, in this work, we also report not only known recycling routes for thermoset and thermoset-based composites, but also new and novel formulating strategies for producing thermosets with built-in recyclability, i.e., containing chemical-triggered on-demand links. This mini-review is also a valuable guide for educational purposes for students and specialized technicians in polymer production and recycling.

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Transparent Fiber-Reinforced Composites Based on a Thermoset Resin Using Liquid Composite Molding (LCM) Techniques

Cited by 13 publications

References 44 publications

Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization‐Derived Poly(dicyclopentadiene)/Fiber Composites Using Latent Pre‐Catalysts

Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization‐Derived Poly(dicyclopentadiene)/Fiber Composites Using Latent Pre‐Catalysts

Method of Manufacturing Structural, Optically Transparent Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (tGFRP) Using Infusion Techniques with Epoxy Resin Systems and E-Glass Fabrics

Recycling of Thermoset Materials and Thermoset-Based Composites: Challenge and Opportunity

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