Transnational Economic Connection Analysis Based on Railway Class Accessibility Between China and Russia

Abstract

Under the background of 'the Belt and Road' initiative, the economic cooperation has great potential between China and Russia. The railway accessibility has an important influence on the economic connections of cities along the railway line. This paper studied the Sino-Russian transnational economic connection based on the railway class accessibility along Trans-Siberian railway (the transnational China railway branch line). The results are as following. First, the railway accessibility of the Chinese nodes is stronger than that of the Russian nodes, which in general displays a tendency of space attenuation from China to the Sino-Russian border, then to Russia. Spatially, the railway accessibility within the study area shows a 'High East, Low West' and 'High South, Low North' spatial pattern. The railway accessibility of the nodes, which are located at the beginning and end of the railway line, is weaker than those nodes located in the middle of the line. Second, the railway accessibility and external economic connection intensity summation of the nodes show a positive relationship along the railway line. The economic connection intensity summation of different nodes presents obvious regional differentiation. Finally, as economic connection network has evolved, the small world effect of Sino-Russian railway economic connection network becomes strong.

The economic hierarchy, linkage, and directions between the three northeastern provinces of China and Russian Far East

“…The economic hierarchy index is used to categorize the economic hierarchy of each federal subject in Russia's Far East Federal District, so as to measure their economic functional degree in the current researches (Chu et al., 2022; Chu & Jiang, 2015; Chu & Zhang, 2018; Guo et al., 2020). The formula is: $$${K}_{Pi}={P}_{i}/\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits _{i=1}^{n}{P}_{i}$$$ $$${K}_{ti}={K}_{Pi}+{K}_{Gi}+{K}_{Ai}+{K}_{Fi}+{K}_{Ri}+{K}_{Ci}+{K}_{Si}$$$ $$${K}_{ei}=\left({K}_{ti}\right)/7$$$ where K Pi , K Gi , K Ai , K Fi , K Ri , K Ci , K Si is the hierarchy index of the annual resident population, gross regional product, the average monthly wage of employees, fixed capital investment, retail trade turnover, foreign trade volume, and passenger flow.…”

“…The economic hierarchy index is used to categorize the economic hierarchy of each federal subject in Russia's Far East Federal District, so as to measure their economic functional degree in the current researches (Chu et al, 2022;Chu & Jiang, 2015;Chu & Zhang, 2018;Guo et al, 2020). The formula is:…”

“…The modified economic linkage model is used to measure the economic linkage changes between the provinces of Northeast China and the federal subjects of Russian Far East, concerning the current studies (Chu et al, 2022;Chu & Zhang, 2018;Deng, 2010;Guo et al, 2019;Jiang et al, 2012;Li et al, 2020;Wang, 2008;Zhong et al, 2020). The formula is:…”

Research on regional accessibility and evolution of spatial structure: based on the demonstration of the core zone 30a of the Silk Road economic belt

“…Around the "Belt and Road" initiative, scholars have focused on the economic spillover effects [25][26] , carbon emissions from transportation [27][28] , and the strategic value of infrastructure construction [29][30] in the core area of the Silk Road Economic Belt, with a preference for the relatively developed maritime Silk Road urban clusters [31][32] . The research on the relatively backward land transportation along the Silk Road Economic Belt is less frequent and mainly explores the four southwestern provinces and cities [33] and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region [34] as the starting point, while the research based on the accessibility and spatial pattern evolution of cross-border transportation is relatively few and old.…”

An Exploration of Chinese-Russian Youth Humanistic Exchanges and Cooperation Based on VAR Modeling

“…Literature [11] provides an in-depth and comprehensive examination of the technical cooperation between China and Russia, pointing out that the strategic pressure of the United States, the security incentives of the domestic regime, and the expansion of the overall trade and economic relations with Russia have all contributed to the increasingly close relationship between China and Russia. Literature [12] examines cross-border economic ties between China and Russia based on the accessibility of the Trans-Siberian Railway and concludes that railroad accessibility positively affects the sum of the intensity of foreign economic ties of the nodes along the route, contributing to the growing small-world effect of the China-Russia railroad economic ties network. Literature [13] attempts to illustrate the interplay of institutional-level and unit-level factors in the formation of state behavior with the case of the China-Russia game and advances the neoclassical display of attention framework.…”