Transnational activities of Chinese crime organizations

Curtis, Glenn E.; Elan, Seth L.; Hudson, Rexford A.; Kollars, Nina A.

doi:10.1007/s12117-002-1011-4

Cited by 30 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Existing studies either deal with more general issues, such as product piracy (Chow, 2003;Hung, 2003;Mertha, 2005), or with more specific issues such as the complicity between particular tobacco corporations and cigarette smugglers (Lee, Gilmore, & Collin, 2004;Lee & Collin, 2006). Likewise, cigarette trafficking has received surprisingly little attention in discussions of organized and transnational crime relating to China (Chin & Godson, 2006;Chu, 2002;Curtis, Elan, Hudson, & Kollars, 2003;Lintner, 2004;Lo, 2008;Wang, 2011). Accordingly, no comprehensive understanding exists of China's role in the illegal cigarette trade.…”

Section: Methods and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Changing Role of China in the Global Illegal Cigarette Trade

Lampe

Kurti

Shen

et al. 2012

International Criminal Justice Review

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The illegal cigarette trade first emerged in the form of violations of state tobacco monopoly regulations. In the course of the restructuring of the legal tobacco sector, which occurred under external political pressure to open the Chinese market to foreign competition, an illegal cigarette industry emerged which at first primarily produced fake Chinese brand cigarettes for the domestic black market. At the same time China became a destination country for smuggled genuine Western brand cigarettes. It was only after effective crackdowns against cigarette smuggling and domestic distribution channels in the late 1990s that the Chinese illegal cigarette industry shifted to exporting large numbers of counterfeit Western brand cigarettes to black markets abroad. China's current role as a leading supplier of counterfeit cigarettes is a result of the contradictions of the economic reform process and of external licit and illicit forces that worked towards opening up the Chinese tobacco sector to the outside world.

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Section: Methods and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Changing Role of China in the Global Illegal Cigarette Trade

Lampe

Kurti

Shen

et al. 2012

International Criminal Justice Review

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“…Hong Kong triads or Taiwan-based large criminal organizations were also thought to play an important role in transnational drug trafficking activities in much of Asia and Australia [15]. Researchers, relying on official intelligence, claimed that Hong Kong triads and mainland Chinese gangs were involved in planning and executing complex trafficking operations from mainland China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Bangkok into Australia and other Pacific-rim countries [43].…”

Section: Mules In Cross-border Drug Trafficking Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Globalization was thought to be a main contributor. Curtis et al also reported a significant increase of Chinese criminal groups in the early 2000s throughout the world [15]. In a study using official sources and news reports, these researchers found that crimes committed by Chinese criminal groups emerged in many parts of the world such as Australia, Europe, Japan, Latin America, North America, Russia, South Africa, and Southeast Asia.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a study using official sources and news reports, these researchers found that crimes committed by Chinese criminal groups emerged in many parts of the world such as Australia, Europe, Japan, Latin America, North America, Russia, South Africa, and Southeast Asia. Criminal groups of diverse organizational structures engaged in all major types of crime, including trafficking of human beings and various commodities, financial crimes, extortion, gambling, prostitution, and violent crimes [15]. Chinese criminal organizations did not simply scatter around the globe.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Snakeheads, mules, and protective umbrellas: a review of current research on Chinese organized crime

Zhang

Chin

2008

Crime Law Soc Change

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China's red-hot economy in recent decades has not only brought the country unprecedented wealth and political prominence in the world but also created ample opportunities for criminal enterprises to flourish. A review of recently published literature reveals that two types of transnational criminal activitieshuman smuggling and drug trafficking -received a fair amount of empirical attention in the research community. Other crimes, however, although carrying equally significant cross-national implications, have received scant attention. Thanks to a handful of empirical studies in recent years, the notion that traditional Chinese crime syndicates dominated transnational criminal activities has largely been dispelled. Most of those involved in transnational crimes (at least in human smuggling and drug trafficking) were found to be otherwise ordinary individuals who exploit their social or familial networks to take advantage of emerging opportunities. The criminal underworld in China appears to be growing along two separate tracks, with transnational organized crimes operating on one track and locally based criminal organizations on the other. Both groups of criminal entities are not known to cross paths in any systemic way. Research on Chinese organized crime (either locally based or transnational) has remained rather limited. Future research needs to emphasize empirical strategies to explore these and other pressing transnational criminal activities, as well as to solidify recent findings.If the Chinese economy can be viewed as a dragon roaring and blazing throughout the world, transnational criminal enterprises of Chinese origin are also thriving in its wake. After the Communists took over the country in 1949, for decades criminal organizations all but disappeared in China [22]. However, amidst the economic Crime Law Soc Change (2008) 50:177-195

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“…The study conducted by Curtis et al (2002) investigates the major areas of international activity of Chinese crime groups during 2000 -2003, and suggests that gambling is one of major types of crime of these groups. It also discovers that, for transnational Chinese organized crime groups, gambling activities are closely linked with prostitution and human trafficking businesses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%