Transmutation of¹²⁶Sn in Spallation Targets of Accelerator-Driven Systems

Abstract

The practical feasibility of 126 Sn transmutation in spallation targets of accelerator-driven systems was evaluated from the viewpoints of accumulation of radioactive spallation products and neutron production as well as transmutation amount of 126 Sn. A cylindrical liquid 126 Sn target whose length depends on proton beam energy was described, based on a Pb-Bi target design of accelerator-driven system being developed in JAEA. A proton beam of 1.5 GeV-20 mA was estimated to give the transmutation rate of 126 Sn 6.4 kg/ yr, which corresponds to the amount of 126 Sn annually discharged in 27 LWRs of 1 GWt and 33 GWd/ THM. The equilibrium radioactivity of spallation products would reach 9% of that of 126 Sn transmuted in the spallation target, and the equilibrium toxicity would be just 3%. Some parametric analyses showed that the effective half-life of 126 Sn could be reduced through a proper reduction of the target size. The 126 Sn target was calculated to produce 40 neutrons per proton of 1.5 GeV and give a neutron spectrum very similar to that of the reference Pb-Bi target. As a result, the transmutation of 126 Sn in the spallation target has a high feasibility in terms of better transmutation performance and comparable target performance.

Dilemmas Facing College Labor Education in the Context of Deep Learning and the Way of Innovative Development

“…Guided by Xi Jinping's thought of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, the integration of labor education and innovation and entrepreneurship education into the whole process of talent cultivation in colleges and universities in the new era has rich value implications for better implementing the fundamental task of establishing moral education, realizing all-round development of human beings, realizing high-quality entrepreneurship and employment of college students, and cultivating socialist builders and successors [4][5][6]. Under the great attention of the party and the state, all kinds of schools at all levels have gradually formed a good atmosphere of labor education, however, the lack of attention to labor education, the labor education system is not sound, and the related subjects have not formed a good synergy and other factors are superimposed to make the labor education in colleges and universities are still faced with cognitive dilemmas, systemic dilemmas, and path dilemmas, which highlight the necessity and urgency of constructing the mode of labor education in colleges and universities in the new era [7][8][9].…”

Transmutations of Long-Lived and Medium-Lived Fission Products Extracted from CANDU and PWR Spent Fuels in an Accelerator-Driven System

“…As a result of the study, it has been found that spallation reactions can be a solution to stabilizing 93 Zr. Han et al [12] investigate the transmutation of 126 Sn in the target of ADS.…”

Evaluation of reactivity monitoring techniques at the Yalina – Booster subcritical facility

“…A proposal to reduce the target activation is the use of low atomic mass targets, such as tin, in spite of the lower neutron yield of spallation in these materials. A further advantage of using tin spallation targets is that the ssion product Sn-126 can be introduced in them, thus contributing to the transmutation of this isotope [138,336].…”