Transmission patterns of Leishmania tropica around the Mediterranean basin: Could Morocco be impacted by a zoonotic spillover?

Abstract

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to Leishmania tropica is a neglected tropical disease characterized by a wide geographical distribution in the Mediterranean basin and is endemic in several of its countries. In addition, the vector Phlebotomus sergenti is abundantly present all around the basin. Its transmission cycle is still subject to debate. In some countries, the presence of an animal reservoir has been confirmed. In Morocco, CL due to L. tropica has risen since the 1980s and has spread widely to become the most abundant form of leishmaniasis in the territory. However, the anthroponotic transmission is so far the only recognized mode, despite recordings of L. tropica infection in animal hosts. In this review article, we assess the situation of CL due to L. tropica in the Mediterranean basin with a focus on Morocco and gather knowledge about any potential zoonotic transmission in the country. A concomitant zoonotic transmission could explain the persistence of the disease in areas where human protective measures combined with vector management did not help reduce the disease burden.

Observation of a Clinical Case of Treatment of a Patient With Filariasis

“…В останнє десятиліття увагу клініцистів привертають паразитарні захворювання, спричинені личинками гельмінтів тварин, не властивих людині [3][4][5][6][7]. До них належить філяріозєдиний на території України трансмісивний гельмінтоз людей.…”

“…Не зважаючи на те, що існує думка нібито гельмінтози в сучасних умовах стали «забутими хворобами», в усьому світі спостерігають тенденцію до недооцінки їх медико-соціального значення [5][6][7]. У підтвердження зазначеного вище маємо відповідний клінічний приклад.…”

Exploration of ethylene glycol linked nitrofurantoin derivatives against Leishmania: Synthesis and in vitro activity

“…Leishmaniasis is a parasitic communicable disease, caused by the protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania , and transmitted by the bite of infected female Phlebotomine sandflies. [ 1 ] This disease is classified by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as a neglected tropical disease (NTD) as it is known to mainly affect poorer communities. [ 2 ] There are approximately 20 species that are infectious to humans and they can exist in three clinical forms; that is, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), and visceral leishmaniasis (VL).…”

“…HRMS-APCI m/z: 350.1077 [M+H] + (Calcd for C 14 H 16 N 5 O 6 + , 350.1101). (E)-1-{[(5-Nitrofuran-2-yl)methylene]amino}-3-(2-phenoxyethyl) imidazolidine-2,4-dione (2i)Orange powder; yield: 20%; mp: 163-165°C; IR ѵ max (cm −1 ): 3121 (C-H), 1785 (C═O), 1717 (C═C), 1343 (N-O) 1. H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ (ppm): 7.87 (s, 1H, H-6'), 7.77 (d, J = 3.9 Hz, 1H, H-4'), 7.28 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H, H-10), 7.17 (d, J = 3.9 Hz, 1H, H-3'), 6.95 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H, H-11), 6.92 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H, H-9), 4.45 (s, 2H, H-2), 4.18 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 2H, H-7), 3.87 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 2H, H-6) 13.…”

Multiscale predictability of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Morocco and Tunisia through the AMO-NAO coupling and its modulation of regional rainfall

“…Hence, CL caused by L. major is referred to as Zoonotic CL (ZCL). L. tropica , the second most significant Leishmania parasite in North Africa, is on the contrary mostly sustained by anthroponotic transmission chains, thus generally transmitted between humans and sandflies without generally involving animal reservoirs (Saik et al 2022). As compared to Tunisia, Algeria and Libya, the epidemiological situation of CL in Morocco is characterized by a significantly higher number of cases due to L. tropica .…”