Transmission of monkeypox/mpox virus: A narrative review of environmental, viral, host, and population factors in relation to the 2022 international outbreak

Pan, Daniel; Nazareth, Joshua; Sze, Shirley; Martin, Christopher; Decker, Jonathan; Fletcher, Eve; Hollingsworth, T. Déirdre; Barer, Michael R.; Pareek, Manish; Tang, Julian W.

doi:10.1002/jmv.28534

Cited by 35 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Being a DNA virus, mpox is more stable in nature and may have possibly evolved as a potent virus causing infections in humans in the due course of time [ 17 ]. Daniel et al reported 6–12 times higher mutation rates in mpox as previously estimated [ 6 ]. Human to human transmissibility of mpox has also evolved in these decades [ 21 , 22 ].…”

Section: Mpox Outbreak 2022mentioning

confidence: 52%

“…Vertical infection of mpox has been also reported. Pregnant mothers infected with mpox had miscarriages during the first trimester of pregnancy [ 6 ]. Perinatally acquired mpox infection was registered in a 9-day year old neonate as well [ 23 ].…”

Section: Mpox Outbreak 2022mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in the 2022 outbreak, the R 0 reported was 1.1–2.4 [ 21 , 24 ]. Pan et al suggested the increase in the R 0 is due to decreased immunity of individuals due to the absence of smallpox immunization and high contact rates of infection in the MSM community [ 6 ].

Fig.…”

Section: Mpox Outbreak 2022mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Overall reported human case fatality rates (CFRs) range between 3.6 and 10.6% in the endemic regions [ 2 ]. In the current 2022 outbreak, clad IIb was predominant [ 6 , 7 ]. To date, the exact animal reservoir for the mpox virus (MPXV) has remained unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Emergence of Mpox: Epidemiology and Current Therapeutic Options

Ranjan

Vashishth

Sak³

et al. 2023

Curr Pharmacol Rep

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The world recently witnessed the emergence of new epidemic outbreaks like COVID-19 and mpox. The 2022 outbreak of mpox amid COVID-19 presents an intricate situation and requires strategies to combat the status quo. Some of the challenges to controlling an epidemic include present knowledge of the disease, available treatment options, appropriate health infrastructures facilities, current scientific methods, operations concepts, availability of technical staff, financial funds, and lastly international policies to control an epidemic state. These insufficiencies often hinder the control of disease spread and jeopardize the health of countless people. Also, disease outbreaks often put a huge burden on the developing economies. These countries are the worst affected and are immensely dependent on assistance provided from the larger economies to control such outbreaks. The first case of mpox was reported in the 1970s and several outbreaks were detected thereafter in the endemic areas eventually leading to the recent outbreak. Approximately, more than 80,000 individuals were infected, and 110 countries were affected by this outbreak. Yet, no definite vaccines and drugs are available to date. The lack of human clinical trials affected thousands of individuals in availing definite disease management. This paper focuses on the epidemiology of mpox, scientific concepts, and treatment options including future treatment modalities for mpox.

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Section: Mpox Outbreak 2022mentioning

confidence: 52%

Section: Mpox Outbreak 2022mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fig.…”

Section: Mpox Outbreak 2022mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Emergence of Mpox: Epidemiology and Current Therapeutic Options

Ranjan

Vashishth

Sak³

et al. 2023

Curr Pharmacol Rep

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“…Forward to 2022, when signifi cant local human clusters of mpox were reported in Europe and the United States, [3][4][5][6] these outbreaks were characterized by direct human-to-human transmission. The initial source of these infections is not clear, but unique demographic and clinical characteristics of the infected persons are apparent.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses change; we can, too

Mandell¹

2023

CCJM

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Methods for conducting a living evidence profile on mpox: An evidence map of the literature

Pussegoda,

Corrin,

Baumeister

et al. 2024

Cochrane Evidence Synthesis and Methods

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BackgroundIn May of 2022, several cases of mpox were identified in multiple nonendemic countries and on July 23, 2022 the World Health Organization declared mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. During the first six months of the outbreak there was an urgent need to have up‐to‐date synthesized evidence on mpox to inform public health decision‐making. At this point, evidence is changing too quickly for traditional evidence synthesis methods, as systematic reviews were out‐of‐date before publication. This paper describes the framework developed to manage and maintain a living evidence profile (LEP) to systematically identify, classify and synthesize evidence on a broad range of mpox topics at a rapid pace as the outbreak unfolded.MethodsThe LEP framework was based on principles of evidence synthesis, risk assessment, priority epidemiological parameters for infectious disease modeling and consultation with experts. The framework consisted of a systematic search conducted twice weekly; study selection; categorization into pre‐determined foci and data extraction; integration and synthesis of evidence; internal peer‐review and dissemination to stakeholders.ResultsBetween April 14 and December 15, 2022, 2287 citations were identified, 687 were primary research studies or surveillance reports on the 2022 mpox outbreak and 496 were included in the final LEP. Each study was mapped to one of 32 foci and evidence was narratively synthesized. From June to December 2022, 23 LEPs were produced (approximately weekly) along with a searchable database of extracted data of the mpox literature. They were disseminated globally to public health researchers and decision‐makers to inform public health response efforts.ConclusionsThe LEP framework is applicable to other public health emergencies when a rapid synthesis cycle is required because the evidence is evolving quickly. This efficient methodology for creating up‐to‐date summaries of the current evidence during the first few months of an outbreak or emergency supports public health decision‐making and response activities.

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Transmission of monkeypox/mpox virus: A narrative review of environmental, viral, host, and population factors in relation to the 2022 international outbreak

Cited by 35 publications

References 63 publications

The Emergence of Mpox: Epidemiology and Current Therapeutic Options

The Emergence of Mpox: Epidemiology and Current Therapeutic Options

Viruses change; we can, too

Methods for conducting a living evidence profile on mpox: An evidence map of the literature

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