Transmission of influenza A virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus using a novel nurse sow model: a proof of concept

Garrido-Mantilla, Jorge; Culhane, Marie; Torremorell, Montserrat

doi:10.1186/s13567-020-00765-1

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…While fomite-mediated IAV spread from farmworkers’ clothing and hands to piglets is the most likely cause of IAV transmission, it is also possible that newborn litters are being infected because they are adopted by nurse sows with an IAV contaminated udder [ 14 ]. Nurse sows are lactating sows that have weaned their own litter and are used to adopt piglets at risk of falling behind or dying.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Piglets may be handled during the birthing process and shortly after that to dry them, ensure colostrum intake, prevent injuries, apply iron injections, clip teeth, conduct castration and vaccination, and possibly piglets may be moved into other litters. Some of the management practices, such as cross-fostering and use of nurse sows, in place during this period have been shown to facilitate the spread of IAV among the piglets [ 14 , 15 ]. Furthermore, the transmission of IAV via fomites including contaminated personal protective equipment (PPE) worn by personnel working with pigs has been shown experimentally [ 16 ], and transmission could take place in the presence of both, basic and enhanced biosecurity practices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Farm management practices associated with influenza A virus contamination of people working in Midwestern United States swine farms

et al. 2023

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Indirect transmission of influenza A virus (IAV) contributes to virus spread in pigs. To identify farm management activities with the ability to contaminate farmworkers’ hands and clothing that then could be a source of virus spread to other pigs, we conducted a within-farm, prospective IAV surveillance study. Hands and clothes from farmworkers performing the activities of piglet processing, vaccination, or weaning were sampled before and after the activities were performed. Samples were tested by IAV rRT-PCR and virus viability was assessed by cell culture. A multivariate generalized linear model was used to detect associations of the activities with IAV contamination. Of the samples collected for IAV rRT-PCR testing, there were 16% (12/76) collected immediately after processing, 96% (45/48) collected after vaccination, and 94% (29/31) collected after weaning that tested positive. Samples collected immediately after vaccination and weaning, i.e., activities that took place during the peri-weaning period when pigs were about 3 weeks of age, had almost 6 times higher risk of IAV detection and had more samples IAV positive (p-value < 0.0001) than samples collected after processing, i.e., an activity that took place in the first few days of life. Both, hands and clothes had similar contamination rates (46% and 55% respectively, p-value = 0.42) and viable virus was isolated from both. Our results indicate that activities that involve the handling of infected piglets close to weaning age represent a significant risk for IAV dissemination due to the high level of IAV contamination found in farmworkers’ hands and coveralls involved in the activities. Biosecurity protocols that include hand sanitation and changing clothing after performing activities with a high-risk of influenza contamination should be recommended to farmworkers to control and limit the mechanical spread of IAV between pigs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Farm management practices associated with influenza A virus contamination of people working in Midwestern United States swine farms

et al. 2023

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Section: Health Aspects When Using Nurse Sowsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When moving piglets between sections, there is a risk of transferring pathogens such as PRRS, and it has been a general belief that moving the sows between sections posed less risk than moving piglets. Garrido‐Mantilla et al (2020) showed that both PRRS and influenza A virus can be efficiently transferred by sows via the udder skin from older pigs to younger pigs when using nurse sows, and there is a higher frequency of nurse sows transferring influenza A virus compared with nonnurse sows (Garrido‐Mantilla et al, 2021). Management procedures like McREBEL™ ( M anagement C hanges to R educe E xposure to B acteria to E liminate L osses from PRRS ) developed by McCaw (1995) states that cross‐fostering is only allowed within 24 h after birth, and that no sows or piglets can be moved to other sections.…”

Section: Management Considerations Using Nurse Sowsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selecting the optimal strategies when using nurse sows for supernumerous piglets

Bruun

Pedersen

Thorup

et al. 2023

Molecular Reproduction Devel

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Hyper‐prolific sows frequently do not have a sufficient number of functional teats for their piglets to nurse which has led to the use of nurse sows to manage these surplus piglets. This review discusses strategies for using nurse sows and factors that influence preweaning survival and weight gain of their litters, as well as those that affect their subsequent rebreeding performance. Rearing piglets using a nurse sow can be as successful as piglets reared with their biological mother and is thus a powerful management tool to decrease preweaning piglet mortality. Selecting a young sow as nurse sow is beneficial for piglet survival; however, piglets nursing first parity sows often have a lower daily weight gain than piglets nursing multiparous sows. A litter of uniform surplus piglets is preferably handled using the two‐step nurse sow strategy. A consequence of nonuniform litters will most likely be an increased mortality and decreased weaning weight among the smallest piglets within a litter. The subsequent fertility of nurse sows is not compromised. There is an increased risk of lactational oestrus when using nurse sows leading to an increased weaning‐to‐oestrus interval; however, litter size in nurse sows is identical or even moderately higher in the subsequent parity compared with nonnurse sows.

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“…Transport of weaned piglets to distant locations contributes to the dissemination of IAV variants into new regions [16]. Furthermore, there are farm management practices that facilitate IAV dissemination within breeding herds including cross-fostering and use of nurse sows [17,18]. Nurse sows are lactating sows that, when their original litter is weaned, are used to adopt less viable piglets from other litters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of internal farm biosecurity measures combined with sow vaccination to prevent influenza A virus infection in groups of due-to-wean pigs

et al. 2022

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Background Influenza A virus (IAV) is an important respiratory pathogen of pigs that affects pig health, well-being and productivity, has zoonotic potential, and has significant economic impact for producers. The ultimate goal is to maintain herds free from IAV. Due to the probability of IAV introduction into the herds, it is also desirable for herds to have some immunity to the virus. In this study, we evaluated a protocol that combined sow vaccination with the implementation of internal biosecurity practices during the pre-weaning period with the goal to wean IAV negative pigs. Five IAV positive breeding herds were vaccinated twice, 3 weeks apart with a herd-specific autogenous vaccine. For the subsequent 8 weeks, a biosecurity protocol was maintained, consisting of no pig movements after 3 days of age, no use of nurse sows, workers changing disposable gloves between litters, workers not stepping into farrowing crates, and daily disinfection of tools and materials used to handle pigs. Results Following these interventions, four of the five treatment farms had significant reductions in IAV detection (p value < 0.05). Three of the farms tested negative at all sampling points post-intervention and one farm had a 21% reduction in IAV positivity. Conclusions This study indicates that a protocol that combines sow vaccination and enhanced biosecurity practices may limit IAV transmission among piglets and enable the weaning of groups of pigs free from the virus.

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Transmission of influenza A virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus using a novel nurse sow model: a proof of concept

Cited by 7 publications

References 25 publications

Farm management practices associated with influenza A virus contamination of people working in Midwestern United States swine farms

Farm management practices associated with influenza A virus contamination of people working in Midwestern United States swine farms

Selecting the optimal strategies when using nurse sows for supernumerous piglets

Evaluation of internal farm biosecurity measures combined with sow vaccination to prevent influenza A virus infection in groups of due-to-wean pigs

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