Transmission of Infectious Diseases Through Breast Milk and Breastfeeding

Lawrence, Robert M.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0788-5.10013-6

Cited by 18 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 369 publications

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“…Breastfeeding is associated with numerous positive health and neurocognitive outcomes: these include lower infectious morbidity and mortality, higher intelligence and protection against the development of chronic disease later in life (Victora et al 2016). Although clinically, breastfeeding may represent a vehicle for the transmission of infectious diseases to infants, including viral infections, its benefit typically outweighs any risk (Lawrence 2011). There are, however, circumstances when breastfeeding is contraindicated such as maternal infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1/2) or human t-lymphocytic virus (HTLV)-I/II in a developed country or herpes simplex virus with active lesions on the breast (Eidelman and Schanler 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of thermal pasteurization on viral load and detectable live viruses in human milk and other matrices: a rapid review

Pitino

O'Connor

McGeer

et al. 2021

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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Holder pasteurization (62.5ºC, 30 min) of human milk (HM) is thought to reduce the risk of transmitting viruses to an infant. Some viruses may be secreted into milk – others may be contaminants. The effect of thermal pasteurization on viruses in HM has yet to be rigorously reviewed. The objective of this study is to characterize the effect of common pasteurization techniques on viruses in HM and non-HM matrices. Databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science) were searched from inception to April 20th, 2020 for primary research articles assessing the impact of pasteurization on viral load or detection of live virus. Reviews were excluded, as were studies lacking quantitative measurements or those assessing pasteurization as a component of a larger process. Overall, of 65,131 reports identified, 109 studies were included. Pasteurization of HM at a minimum temperature of 56ºC-60ºC is effective at reducing detectable live virus. In cell culture media or plasma, coronaviruses (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV) are highly susceptible to heating at ≥56ºC. Although pasteurization parameters and matrices reported vary, all viruses studied, except parvoviruses, were susceptible to thermal killing. Future research important for the study of novel viruses should standardize pasteurization protocols and should test inactivation in human milk. Novelty bullets •In all matrices, including human milk, pasteurization at 62.5ºC was generally sufficient to reduce surviving viral load by several logs or to below the limit of detection. •Holder pasteurization (62.5ºC, 30 min) of human milk should be sufficient to inactivate non-heat resistant viruses, including coronaviruses, if present

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of thermal pasteurization on viral load and detectable live viruses in human milk and other matrices: a rapid review

Pitino

O'Connor

McGeer

et al. 2021

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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“…On the other hand, waterborne enteric viruses, further, nourish the infantile virome either through maternal-based vertical transmission [55] or ingestion of contaminated water or infant formula, as reported elsewhere [56]. For instance, acute maternal HAV infection could result in infant infection during the last trimester or the postpartum period [6]. Moreover, piped drinking water crossing sewage channels in India led to higher hepatitis E virus incidence in mothers, that was then vertically transmitted to fetuses [7].…”

Section: Enteric Virome In Infantsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…On the other hand, enteric viruses in infants are minimally acquired from their mothers [4], however, the enteric viromes mostly persist after the first two years [2,5]. Several enteric viruses could transfer to infants, and even children, via maternal transmission, through direct exposure, or through the use of contaminated water, such as hepatitis E virus (HEV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) causing gastroenteritis or, in severe cases, fulminant hepatitis [6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insights into Gastrointestinal Virome: Etiology and Public Exposure

Nour

Hanif

Ryan

et al. 2021

Water

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Recycled wastewater is widely used owing to the potential shortage of water resources for drinking purposes, recreational activities, and irrigation. However, gut microbiomes of both human beings and animals negatively affect this water quality. Wastewater contamination is continuously monitored, using fecal contamination indicators or microbial source tracking approaches, to oppose arising enteric infections. Viral gastroenteritis is considered a principal manifestation of waterborne pathogenic virome-mediated infections, which are mainly transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Furthermore, acquired enteric viromes are the common cause of infantile acute diarrhea. Moreover, public exposure to wastewater via wastewater discharge or treated wastewater reuse has led to a significant surge of public health concerns. In this review, we discussed the etiology of waterborne enteric viromes, notably gastrointestinal virus infections, and public exposure to municipal wastewater. Conclusively, the early human virome is affected mainly by birth mode, dietary behavior, and maternal health, and could provide a signature of disease incidence, however, more virome diversification is acquired in adulthood. A multi-phase treatment approach offered an effective means for the elimination of wastewater reuse mediated public risks. The insights highlighted in this paper offer essential information for defining probable etiologies and assessing risks related to exposure to discharged or reused wastewater.

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“…Some viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) are shed into human milk and may be transmitted to the neonate, whereas for other viruses this has not been observed, e.g., lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, measles (11,12). When a new virus emerges, it is important to determine if the virus can shed into human milk and be transmitted to the breastfed infant.…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 and Human Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promoting and Protecting Human Milk and Breastfeeding in a COVID-19 World

Spatz

Davanzo

Müller³

et al. 2021

Front. Pediatr.

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The global COVID-19 pandemic has put enormous stress on healthcare systems and hospital staffing. However, through all this, families will continue to become pregnant, give birth, and breastfeed. Unfortunately, care of the childbearing family has been de-prioritized during the pandemic. Additionally, many healthcare practices during the pandemic have not been positive for the childbearing family or breastfeeding. Despite recommendations from the World Health Organization to promote early, direct breastfeeding and skin to skin contact, these and other recommendations are not being followed in the clinical setting. For example, some mothers have been forced to go through labor and birth alone in some institutions whilst some hospitals have limited or no parental visitation to infants in the NICU. Furthermore, hospitals are discharging mothers and their newborns early, limiting the amount of time that families receive expert lactation care, education, and technical assistance. In addition, some hospitals have furloughed staff or transferred them to COVID-19 wards, further negatively impacting direct care for families and their newborns. We are concerned that these massive changes in the care of childbearing families will be permanently adopted. Instead, we must use the pandemic to underscore the importance of human milk and breastfeeding as lifesaving medical interventions. We challenge healthcare professionals to change the current prenatal and post-birth practice paradigms to protect lactation physiology and to ensure that all families in need receive equal access to evidence-based lactation education, care and technical assistance.

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Transmission of Infectious Diseases Through Breast Milk and Breastfeeding

Cited by 18 publications

References 369 publications

The impact of thermal pasteurization on viral load and detectable live viruses in human milk and other matrices: a rapid review

The impact of thermal pasteurization on viral load and detectable live viruses in human milk and other matrices: a rapid review

Insights into Gastrointestinal Virome: Etiology and Public Exposure

Promoting and Protecting Human Milk and Breastfeeding in a COVID-19 World

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