Transmission of<i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i>to<i>Ixodes ricinus</i>Ticks from Sheep in the Acute and Post-Acute Phases of Infection

Ogden, Nicholas H.; Casey, A. N. J.; Woldehiwet, Z.; French, Nigel P.

doi:10.1128/iai.71.4.2071-2078.2003

Cited by 35 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Therefore it can be assumed that Arvicolidae act as reservoir host for A. phagocytophilum in southern Germany. Investigations from Switzerland and England showed that deer and sheep can also be reservoir hosts (Liz et al 2002;Odgen et al 2003).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spread of ticks and tick-borne diseases in Germany due to global warming

Hartelt¹,

Pluta

Oehme³

et al. 2008

Parasitol Res

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Tick-transmitted diseases like tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme Borreliosis have been well known in Germany for decades. Global climate changes may influence the emergence and reemergence of diseases. Ongoing research now gives an additional focus on other tick-borne pathogens such as Coxiella burnetii, Rickettsia conorii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia spp., the causative agents of Q-fever, Mediterranean spotted fever, Anaplasmosis and Babesiosis, respectively. The epidemiology of these pathogens was investigated on ticks as well as on rodents, the main hosts. Therefore adults of Dermacentor spp. (n = 862) and rodents (n = 119) were collected and examined for the existence of C. burnetii and Rickettsia spp. by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In none of the ticks and rodents C. burnetii could be detected, in contrast to Rickettsia spp. where the infection rate in ticks was about 20%. Over and above that, nymphs and adults of Ixodes ricinus were also collected and investigated by PCR for A. phagocytophilum (n = 5,424), Rickettsia helvetica (n = 1,187) and Babesia spp. (n = 3,113). Thereby infection rates of 1%, 8.9% and 1%, respectively, could be determined. The prevalence in rodents was 5.3% for A. phagocytophilum and 0.8% for Babesia microti. None of the rodents was R. helvetica positive.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spread of ticks and tick-borne diseases in Germany due to global warming

Hartelt¹,

Pluta

Oehme³

et al. 2008

Parasitol Res

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“…Therefore, a sensitive and specific technique such as PCR is required for the definitive diagnosis of A. phagocytophilum. This assay has the advantage of being able to yield positive results during the early acute phase of the infection and the carrier stage (Ogden et al, 2003;de la Fuente et al, 2005a). On the other hand, studies also indicated that some seropositive animals can be negative by PCR or seronegative animals can be PCR positive Stuen et al, 2002;de la Fuente et al, 2005b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and serological evidence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of farm animals in the Black Sea Region of Turkey

Gokce

Genç

Akça

et al. 2008

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

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This study was designed to determine the presence and the prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in sheep and cattle in the Middle and Eastern Black Sea Regions of Turkey in which the potential vector, Ixodes ricinus, is widespread. Blood samples were collected from 720 sheep and 720 cattle from 6 provinces of the region, and used for detecting antibodies to A. phagocytophilum by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and specific nucleic acids by a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Blood smears were also prepared and examined microscopically for the presence of A. phagocytophilum-like organisms in polymorphonuclear cells. Of the animals examined, antibodies were detected in 110 (15.27%) cattle and 107 (14.86%) sheep and A. phagocytophilum-like organisms were detected in the blood of 73 (10.13%) cattle and 71 (9.86%) sheep. In addition, specific DNA was detected in the blood of 27 (14.75%) cattle and 22 (12.35%) sheep. The results obtained constitute the first molecular and serological evidence of A. phagocytophilum infection in sheep and cattle in the Black Sea Region of Turkey.

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“…This is thought to be either due to an increase in the number of feeding ticks altering the level of bacteremia, or due to frequent reinfections 63 . The increase in the number of feeding ticks could be due to blood loss and/or immunomodulatory effects of tick saliva 107 or due to a reduced mobilization of infected granulocytes at tick‐feeding lesions 108 …”

Section: Persistence and “Carrier” Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ruminants in Europe

Woldehiwet

2006

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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114

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The agent that causes tick-borne fever (TBF) in sheep was first described in 1940, 8 years after the disease was first recognized in Scotland. The same agent was soon shown to cause TBF in sheep and pasture fever in cattle in other parts of the UK, Scandinavia, and other parts of Europe. After the initial use of the name Rickettsia phagocytophila, the organism was given the name Cytoecetes phagocytophila to reflect its association with granulocytes and its morphological similarity with Cytoecetes microti. This name continued to be used by workers in the UK until the recent reclassification of the granulocytic ehrlichiae affecting ruminants, horses, and humans as variants of the same species, Anaplasma phagocytophilum. TBF and pasture fever are characterized by high fever, recurrent bacteremia, neutropenia, lymphocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, and general immunosuppression, resulting in more severe secondary infections such as tick pyemia, pneumonic pasteurellosis, listeriosis, and enterotoxemia. During the peak period of bacteremia as many as 90% of granulocytes may be infected. The agent is transmitted transtadially by the hard tick Ixodes ricinus, and possibly other ticks. After patent bacteremia, sheep, goats, and cattle become persistently infected "carriers," perhaps playing an important role in the maintenance of infection, in the flock/herd. Little is known about how efficiently ticks acquire and maintain infection in ruminant populations or whether "carrier" domestic ruminants play an important role as reservoirs of infection, but deer, other free-living ruminants, and wild rodents are also potential sources of infection. During the late 1990s serological evidence of infection of humans was demonstrated in several European countries, creating a renewed interest and increased awareness of the zoonotic potential of TBF variants. More recently, a few cases of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) have been reported in some European countries, but it remains to be established whether the variants causing HGA in Europe are genetically and biologically different from those causing TBF in ruminants. TBF is readily diagnosed by demonstrating intracytoplasmic inclusions in peripheral blood granulocytes or monocytes of febrile animals or by detecting specific DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and TBF variants of A. phagocytophilum can be cultivated in tick cell lines, but the differentiation of TBF variants from HGA variants awaits further investigations.

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Transmission ofAnaplasma phagocytophilumtoIxodes ricinusTicks from Sheep in the Acute and Post-Acute Phases of Infection

Cited by 35 publications

References 43 publications

Spread of ticks and tick-borne diseases in Germany due to global warming

Spread of ticks and tick-borne diseases in Germany due to global warming

Molecular and serological evidence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of farm animals in the Black Sea Region of Turkey

Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ruminants in Europe

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