Transmission of CO2-Safety and Economic Considerations

Formation mechanism and protective property of corrosion product scale on X70 steel under supercritical CO 2 environment

“…In the CO 2 transportation pipelines that are mainly used for EOR in the USA, which are operating under strict limits on impurities, no significant corrosion problem has been recorded -only two incidents ascribed to corrosion have occurred over more than twenty years [4,11]. As a consequence, many more studies have focused on development of capture technology to reduce costs, assess storage sites and the feasibility of injection, and monitor the CO 2 in geological reservoirs [12][13], only a limited number of studies have focused on the corrosion behavior of pipelines used in the CO 2 transportation and injection process.…”

“…To reduce the emission of CO 2 and consequently control global climate warming, carbon capture and storage (CCS) [1] has been under development for decades, it main contains three parts: capturing the CO 2 from various emission sources (such as fossil-fuel combustion), transporting it to selected storage sites and injecting it into geological reservoirs (the saline aquifers and oil/gas reservoirs [2]). Moreover, CO 2 has been transported via pipelines to be used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) for many years [3][4][5], and more than 6,000 km of such pipelines are used for CO 2 transportation all over the world, mostly in North America [6]. According to the "Blue Map Scenario" [7] for the mitigation of climate change, 3000 twelveinch or 1000 twenty-inch pipelines will be required to transport 10 Gtons of CO 2 per year by 2050 [8].…”

Worldwide selection of early opportunities for CO2-enhanced oil recovery and CO2-enhanced coal bed methane production

“…there are some 536 000 km of major natural gas transmission pipelines in the USA). Currently, there are some 3100 km of large CO 2 pipelines in operation, which have a capacity of 44.7 Mt/year of CO 2 , most of which are in the USA [6]. These pipelines supply CO 2 for EOR operations and many have been operating since the early 1980s.…”

“…The captured CO 2 will be transported by pipeline as a supercritical or dense phase fluid because it is economically favourable in high-pressure pipelines [6]. Long distance CO 2 pipelines are in existence in some regions of the world, although the CO 2 pipeline network is far less extensive than the networks of natural gas pipelines (e.g.…”

Carbon dioxide capture and storage—liability for non-permanence under the UNFCCC

“…Experience with CO 2 transport via pipelines has already been gained, especially in the USA, where around 2,800 km of pipelines are currently in place (Gale & Davison, 2004). The alternative is to transport carbon dioxide by ship, 4 especially if transport distances are longer or if the capture and storage sites are separated by water (Wildenborg & Van der Meer, 2002).…”