Transmission of Alkali Aerosols through Sampling Systems

Kowalski, Torsten; Judex, Johannes; Schildhauer, Tilman J.; Ludwig, Christian

doi:10.1002/ceat.201000366

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In contrast, experimental observations of the cooling coil tubes indicate the occurrence of slugs and Taylor flow for the configurations given in Table . These regimes were also observed by Kowalski et al . Discrepancies between predictions from the regime maps by Damianides and observations occur possibly because of the different properties of the solvent compared to water (viscosity, surface tension, etc.)…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 58%

Liquid-Quench Sampling System for the Analysis of Gas Streams from Biomass Gasification Processes. Part 1: Sampling Noncondensable Compounds

et al. 2012

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In biomass gasification plants and related research units, on-line analysis of noncondensable compounds (H2, CO, CO2, CH4, and light hydrocarbons) and condensable compounds (water, tars, etc.) is desired. Long-duration on-line measurements are often a challenging task, because blocking of the sampling lines has to be avoided and because some analytical equipment do not tolerate certain components of these streams. A continuous liquid-quench sampling system has been successfully employed to sample these gas streams and prepare them for on-line measurement. In comparison to other systems, it promotes long-duration measurements with high time resolution over a wide concentration range with little man-hour requirements. In this work, the sampling system is described in detail for the first time and its performance is investigated regarding the sampling of noncondensable compounds. On the basis of experimental observations, optimal operational parameters are suggested to minimize the measurement bias.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 58%

Liquid-Quench Sampling System for the Analysis of Gas Streams from Biomass Gasification Processes. Part 1: Sampling Noncondensable Compounds

et al. 2012

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“…In the second experiment, additional sample collection methods for samples from the producer gas drawn through the Teflon filters was used. This was performed by passing the gas through three ice-cooled gas wash bottles connected in series (see the study by Kowalski et al 22 for details on this method). The first two contained diluted nitric acid with an initial liquid height of about 70 mm (later increased to a maximum height of 150 mm), while the third bottle was empty to collect any carryover liquid.…”

Section: Setup and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potassium Retention in Updraft Gasification of Wood

Olwa

Öhman

Pettersson³

et al. 2013

Energy Fuels

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The release of compounds of K with producer gas during biomass gasification is known to play significant roles in fouling and high-temperature corrosion in boilers and high-temperature heat exchangers as well as blades in gas turbines that use producer gas as fuel. These phenomena are a major setback in the application of biomass fuel in combination with advanced process conditions. Updraft gasification provides gas filtering by the fuel bed with a gas cooling effect, conditions anticipated to create an avenue for K retention in the gasifier. The objective of this study was to determine the K retention potential of such gasifiers during wood gasification. Samples for the determination of the fate of K compounds included in the feedstock were collected from the generated producer gas using Teflon filters and gas wash bottles and also from wall deposits and ash residues. Analyses of samples were carried out using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry/mass spectrometry and X-ray diffraction methods. The finding was that about 99% of K was retained in the gasifier. K was found in the ash samples as a crystalline phase of K2Ca(CO3)2(s) (fairchildite). A possible reaction mechanism leading to the formation of K2Ca(CO3)2 is discussed in the paper. The 1% K understood as released, equivalent to 1200 ppbw content of K entrained in the producer gas stream, exceeds a known limit for application of the gas in conventional gas turbines. This would suggest application of the gas in an externally fired gas turbine system, where some limited K and other depositions in the heat exchanger can be relatively easy to handle.

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“…The gas quench method being used in this work is similar to a condensation interface used in previous studies (Kowalski et al, 2011;Ludwig et al, 2001Ludwig et al, , 2007. Its general working principle is characterized by generating particles in the submicron range (Kowalski et al, 2011).…”

Section: Gas Quench Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its general working principle is characterized by generating particles in the submicron range (Kowalski et al, 2011). The gaseous particles that enter the condensation interface are limited in their growth by rapid quench with cold argon gas in excess, which generates aerosols suitable to transportation through sampling lines.…”

Section: Gas Quench Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The time lag for this method depends on the length of the sampling line, which is determined by the nearest placement of the mobile spectrometer to the sampling location (see also Section 2.3.1). A similar sampling technique has been documented elsewhere (Kowalski et al, 2011;Wellinger et al, 2011). For the field measurements the calibration has been conducted with standards based on the same water-solvent mixture as used for the laboratory measurements.…”

Section: Liquid Quench Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Online elemental analysis of process gases with ICP-OES: A case study on waste wood combustion

et al. 2012

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a b s t r a c tA mobile sampling and measurement system for the analysis of gaseous and liquid samples in the field was developed. An inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), which is built into a van, was used as detector. The analytical system was calibrated with liquid and/or gaseous standards. It was shown that identical mass flows of either gaseous or liquid standards resulted in identical ICP-OES signal intensities. In a field measurement campaign trace and minor elements in the raw flue gas of a waste wood combustor were monitored. Sampling was performed with a highly transport efficient liquid quench system, which allowed to observe temporal variations in the elemental process gas composition. After a change in feedstock an immediate change of the element concentrations in the flue gas was detected. A comparison of the average element concentrations during the combustion of the two feedstocks showed a high reproducibility for matrix elements that are expected to be present in similar concentrations. On the other hand elements that showed strong differences in their concentration in the feedstock were also represented by a higher concentration in the flue gas. Following the temporal variations of different elements revealed strong correlations between a number of elements, such as chlorine with sodium, potassium and zinc, as well as arsenic with lead, and calcium with strontium.

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Transmission of Alkali Aerosols through Sampling Systems

Cited by 12 publications

References 34 publications

Liquid-Quench Sampling System for the Analysis of Gas Streams from Biomass Gasification Processes. Part 1: Sampling Noncondensable Compounds

Liquid-Quench Sampling System for the Analysis of Gas Streams from Biomass Gasification Processes. Part 1: Sampling Noncondensable Compounds

Potassium Retention in Updraft Gasification of Wood

Online elemental analysis of process gases with ICP-OES: A case study on waste wood combustion

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