Transmission of a Gall Disease of Cocoa

Brunt, A. A.; Wharton, A. L.

doi:10.1038/187080a0

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…A. rigidiuscula is important in Colombia (South America), in some countries of Central America such as Nicaragua and Costa Rica [ 56 ], and recently in Cuba [ 57 ], Africa (Nigeria, Ghana), and Sri Lanka [ 11 ]. The fungus is disseminated during the humid months of the year when the incidence is higher and the disease is also more evident [ 57 ].…”

Section: Preharvestmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fungus is disseminated during the humid months of the year when the incidence is higher and the disease is also more evident [ 57 ]. This facultative parasite fungus is sometimes confused with other diseases, since it colonizes the plant right after an attack of Phytophthora spp., Lasiodiplodia theobromae , other plant pathogens, and/or insect damage, such as mealybug ( Pseudococcus njalensis ), and possibly others [ 56 , 58 ]. In cushion gall, the fungus is transported and introduced into the inflorescences and young beans, which develop galls that in some places are so numerous that they sterilize the tree.…”

Section: Preharvestmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Fungi in the Cocoa Production Chain and the Challenge of Climate Change

Delgado‐Ospina

Molina-Hernández

Chaves‐López

et al. 2021

JoF

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Background: The role of fungi in cocoa crops is mainly associated with plant diseases and contamination of harvest with unwanted metabolites such as mycotoxins that can reach the final consumer. However, in recent years there has been interest in discovering other existing interactions in the environment that may be beneficial, such as antagonism, commensalism, and the production of specific enzymes, among others. Scope and approach: This review summarizes the different fungi species involved in cocoa production and the cocoa supply chain. In particular, it examines the presence of fungal species during cultivation, harvest, fermentation, drying, and storage, emphasizing the factors that possibly influence their prevalence in the different stages of production and the health risks associated with the production of mycotoxins in the light of recent literature. Key findings and conclusion: Fungi associated with the cocoa production chain have many different roles. They have evolved in a varied range of ecosystems in close association with plants and various habitats, affecting nearly all the cocoa chain steps. Reports of the isolation of 60 genera of fungi were found, of which only 19 were involved in several stages. Although endophytic fungi can help control some diseases caused by pathogenic fungi, climate change, with increased rain and temperatures, together with intensified exchanges, can favour most of these fungal infections, and the presence of highly aggressive new fungal genotypes increasing the concern of mycotoxin production. For this reason, mitigation strategies need to be determined to prevent the spread of disease-causing fungi and preserve beneficial ones.

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Section: Preharvestmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Preharvestmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Fungi in the Cocoa Production Chain and the Challenge of Climate Change

Delgado‐Ospina

Molina-Hernández

Chaves‐López

et al. 2021

JoF

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“…Additionally, Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon and Maubl., was occasionally isolated from gall-tissue during early investigations in Ghana (Brunt and Wharton 1960), and more recently in Cuba (Pérez et al 2012). Weak or opportunistic fungal pathogens, such as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Co-occurrence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Fusarium decemcellulare and Lasiodiplodia theobromae isolates in cushion galls disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)

Sosa

Parra

Noceda

et al. 2016

Journal of Plant Protection Research

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Flowery cushion gall of cacao is a disease complex with six types. Fusarium decemcellulare have been isolated from both flowery and green point galls and recognized as the etiological agent of the disease. In the present work we: i) identified by ITS-rDNA sequencing and/or taxonomy the cultivable fungal species or Operative Taxonomic Units (OTUs) associated with the five symptoms of cushion galls in cacao from Venezuela, and ii) determined the gall inducing capacity on cacao peeled seeds after 45 days of inoculation with suspensions of mycelia/spores from distinct isolate types. The whole isolate collection rendered an abundance of 113 isolates with a richness of 39 OTUs (27) and eight identified at the species or genera levels, respectively, and in unidentified fungi. The dominant recovered species (≈36%) were F. decemcellulare and Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Some isolates of F. decemcellulare, L. theobromae, F. equiseti, Fusarium spp., F. solani, F. incarnatum, Rhizocthonia solani and Penicillium sp. were pathogenic. Some other isolates of the first six mentioned taxa behave as non-pathogenic. Furthermore, pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates can also co-occur within a single plant and gall type. Moreover, 2-5 species within a single gall symptom in a single tree were identified (not necessarily at the same point in the tree), indicating a broad diversity of co-occurring taxa.

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Insect Involvement in the Transmission of Fungal Pathogens

Agrios

1980

Vectors of Plant Pathogens

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Transmission of a Gall Disease of Cocoa

Cited by 5 publications

References 1 publication

The Role of Fungi in the Cocoa Production Chain and the Challenge of Climate Change

The Role of Fungi in the Cocoa Production Chain and the Challenge of Climate Change

Co-occurrence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Fusarium decemcellulare and Lasiodiplodia theobromae isolates in cushion galls disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)

Insect Involvement in the Transmission of Fungal Pathogens

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