Transmission intensity and malaria vector population structure in Magugu, Babati District in northern Tanzania

Mwanziva, Charles; Kitau, Jovin; Tungu, Patrick; Mweya, Clement N.; Mkali, Humphrey; Ndege, Chacha; Sangas, Alex; Mtabho, Charles; Lukwaro, Charles; Azizi, Salum; Myamba, J.; Chilongola, Jaffu; Magesa, Stephen; Shekalaghe, Seif; Mosha, Franklin W.

doi:10.4314/thrb.v13i1.57252

Cited by 21 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Application of the validated model relating age-specific seroconversion rates to EIR (Corran et al, 2007;Stewart et al, 2009), in our study area resulted into classifying Magugu area as a low transmission intensity area. This estimate correlates with the results of an entomological survey carried out in the nearby areas (Mwanziva et al, 2011). The low EIR in the area reflects the low number of immune individuals in the community as well as the low number of asymptomatic individuals (Shekalaghe et al, 2007), who are reservoirs of infection.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Defining malaria burden from morbidity and mortality records, self treatment practices and serological data in Magugu, Babati District, northern Tanzania

Mwanziva

Manjurano

Mbugi

et al. 2011

Tanzania J Hlth Res

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Malaria morbidity and mortality data from clinical records provide essential information towards defining disease burden in the area and for planning control strategies, but should be augmented with data on transmission intensity and serological data as measures for exposure to malaria. The objective of this study was to estimate the malaria burden based on serological data and prevalence of malaria, and compare it with existing self-treatment practices in Magugu in Babati District of northern Tanzania. Prospectively, 470 individuals were selected for the study. Both microscopy and Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) were used for malaria diagnosis. Seroprevalence of antibodies to merozoite surface proteins (MSP-119) and apical membrane antigen (AMA-1) was performed and the entomological inoculation rate (EIR) was estimated. To complement this information, retrospective data on treatment history, prescriptions by physicians and use of bed nets were collected. Malaria prevalence in the area was 6.8% (32/470). Of 130 individuals treated with artemisinin combination therapy (ACT), 22.3 % (29/130) were slide confirmed while 75.3% (98/130) of them were blood smear negative. Three of the slides confirmed individuals were not treated with ACT. Fever was reported in 38.2% of individuals, of whom 48.8 % (88/180) were given ACT. Forty-two (32.3%) of those who received ACT had no history of fever. About half (51.1%) of those treated with ACT were children <10 years old. Immunoglobulin against MSP-119 was positive in 16.9% (74/437) while against AMA-1 was positive in 29.8 % (130/436). Transmission intensity was estimated at <0.2 infectious bites per person per year. The RDT was highly specific (96.3%) but with low sensitivity (15.6%). In conclusion, Magugu is a low endemic area. There is substantial over diagnosis, over treatment and self treatment in the community. The burden of malaria based on medical records is over estimated as was mostly presumptive. The low sensitivity of RDT reflects the low number of immune individuals as well as the low parasite density. ________________________________________________________________________________

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Defining malaria burden from morbidity and mortality records, self treatment practices and serological data in Magugu, Babati District, northern Tanzania

Mwanziva

Manjurano

Mbugi

et al. 2011

Tanzania J Hlth Res

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“…Interesting as this observation may be, the relative “sterility” of the Magugu site to mosquito borne infections warrants an epidemiological explanation owing to the otherwise conducive environment for arboviral transmission including the presence of suitable climate and breeding sites for mosquitoes. Previous studies on mosquito borne infections in Magugu had reported a similar state of sterility for mosquito borne infections for the past decade [14, 24-27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Serological evidence of exposure to Rift Valley, Dengue and Chikungunya Viruses among agropastoral communities in Manyara and Morogoro regions in Tanzania: A community Survey

Budodo

Horumpende

Mkumbaye³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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25Introduction: Tanzania has recently experienced outbreaks of dengue in two coastal regions of 26 Dar es Salaam and Tanga. Chikungunya and Rift Valley Fever outbreaks have also been recorded 27 in the past decade. Little is known on the burden of the arboviral disease causing viruses (Dengue, 28 Rift Valley and Chikungunya) endemically in the inter-epidemic periods. We aimed at determining 29 the prevalence of the dengue, rift valley and chikungunya among humans in two geo ecologically 30 distinct sites. 31 Methodology: The community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Magugu in Manyara 32 region and Mvomero in Morogoro region in Tanzania. Venous blood was collected from 33 participants of all age groups, serum prepared from samples and subjected to ELISA tests for 34 RVFV IgG/IgM, DENV IgG/IgM, and CHIKV IgM/IgG. Samples that were positive for IgM ELISA tests 35 were subjected to a quantitative RT PCR for each virus. A structured questionnaire was used to 36 collect socio-demographic information. Data analysis was conducted using SPSSv22. 37 Results: A total of 191 individuals from both sites participated in the study. Only one CHIKV was 38 detected in Magugu site but none of the 69 participants from Magugu site was seropositive or 39 positive for RVFV and DENV. Of the 122 individuals from Wami-Dakawa site, 16.39% (n=20) had 40 recent exposure to RVFV while 9.83% (n=12) were recently infected by Chikungunya virus. All 41 samples were negative by RVFV and CHIKV qPCR. Neither Infection nor exposure to DENV was 42 observed in participants from Wami-Dakawa. Risk factors associated with RVFV and DCHIKV 43 seropositivity were being more than 5 in a household, having no formal education and having 44 recently travelled to an urban area. 3 45 Conclusion: We report an active circulation of RVFV and CHIKV in humans in Wami-Dakawa, in 46 Mvomero district of Morogoro region during dry season, a higher rate of exposure to RVFV 47 compared to CHIKV and an absence of circulating RVFV, DENV and CHIKV in humans in Magugu 48 site in Manyara region. 49 50 Author Summary 53 Dengue, Chikungunya, rift valley and other viruses constitute an important group of etiologies of 54 fever in Tanzania. In the past decade, Tanzania has experienced DENV and RVFV at different 55 times. While RVFV outbreaks have occurred cyclically in approximately ten-year periods in 56 Tanzania, DENV outbreaks have been more frequent since 2010. CHIKV infection is an important 57 but largely unrecognized illness in Tanzania. In this study, we aimed to generate baseline data on 58 the exposure and infection status of DENV, RVFV and CHIKV by detecting antibodies to the viruses 59 and detecting the viruses in human subjects in two geo-ecological distinct sites. Neither infection 60 nor exposure to the viruses were in observed in Magugu site in Manyara region, northern 61 Tanzania. There was a significant exposure to RVFV (16.39%) and CHIKV (9.83%) in Wami-Dakawa 62 but not to DENV in either site. None of the viruses was detected by PCR in any ...

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“…funestus remains fairly common but An. gambiae s.s. numbers decline [31–33]. The lymphatic filariasis vector and nuisance mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus is abundant from December to June.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase III evaluation of the insecticidal efficacy and durability of a deltamethrin-treated polypropylene long-lasting net LifeNet®, in comparison with long-lasting nets made from polyester and polyethylene: study protocol

et al. 2016

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BackgroundUniversal coverage of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LNs) made from polyester or polyethylene fibres has been adopted as the standard of care to control malaria among at-risk populations. To obtain a WHO recommendation, LNs must undergo prospective monitoring of insecticidal efficacy against mosquito vectors over 3 years of household use. The retention of bioefficacy and physical durability of a LN is influenced by net usage practices, textile polymer material and insecticide treatment technology. Fabric durability is the critical factor which determines the interval required between LN replacement campaigns. To investigate factors known to affect LN durability and bioefficacy, we describe a three-arm WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) Phase III evaluation of a LN made uniquely from polypropylene (LifeNet®, Bayer CropScience) compared to standard LNs made from polyester and polyethylene, all treated with deltamethrin, over 3 years of use.MethodsThis is a prospective three-arm household randomized, equivalence trial of LNs in Tanzania, with nets as the unit of observation. Equal numbers of houses will be randomized to receive deltamethrin-treated polypropylene, polyester or polyethylene LNs; all sleeping spaces in a given household will be provided with one type of net. Bioefficacy (insecticidal activity against mosquitoes), insecticide content of net fibres, and fabric integrity (number, location and size of holes) will be measured every 6 months, using WHO cone or tunnel bioassays, chemical analysis and calculation of hole index, respectively. A cohort of LNs will be surveyed annually to assess survivorship (median LN survival time) and cumulative loss of fabric integrity. Field durability outcomes will be compared with laboratory strength tests.DiscussionThis is the first trial to compare the relative durability of three LNs each made from a different textile polymer, treated with the same insecticide, in the same community side-by-side over 3 years of use. Trial findings will 1) guide global health organizations on procurement policy and the type of textile polymer which maximizes the interval between LN replacement campaigns, and 2) stimulate manufacturers to improve product performance and development of longer lasting polymers. A full WHO recommendation may be granted to LifeNet® upon successful Phase III completion.

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Transmission intensity and malaria vector population structure in Magugu, Babati District in northern Tanzania

Cited by 21 publications

References 37 publications

Defining malaria burden from morbidity and mortality records, self treatment practices and serological data in Magugu, Babati District, northern Tanzania

Defining malaria burden from morbidity and mortality records, self treatment practices and serological data in Magugu, Babati District, northern Tanzania

Serological evidence of exposure to Rift Valley, Dengue and Chikungunya Viruses among agropastoral communities in Manyara and Morogoro regions in Tanzania: A community Survey

Phase III evaluation of the insecticidal efficacy and durability of a deltamethrin-treated polypropylene long-lasting net LifeNet®, in comparison with long-lasting nets made from polyester and polyethylene: study protocol

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