Transmission Events within Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis Determined through Analysis of Nucleotide Sequences of the P2 Domain of Genogroup II Noroviruses

Xerry, Jacqueline; Gallimore, Christopher; Iturriza‐Gómara, Miren; Allen, David J.; Gray, Jim

doi:10.1128/jcm.02240-07

Cited by 55 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Thirteen of these were subsequently excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria: five because they were reports of outbreaks on military ships, and eight because data about the location and the characteristics of the outbreak were not available. Twenty-two articles (Morillo et al 2012;Wikswo et al 2011;Vivancos et al 2010;Xerry et al 2009;Boxman et al 2009;Xerry et al 2008;Chimonas et al 2008;Verhoef et al 2008a, b;Takkinen 2006;Koopmans et al 2006;Ferson and Ressler 2005;Isakbaeva et al 2005;Widdowson et al 2004;Gallimore et al 2003;CDC 2002;Minooee and Rickman 1999;McEvoy et al 1996;Koo et al 1996;Herwaldt et al 1994;Khan et al 1994) met the inclusion criteria and were thus included in our review.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Norovirus Outbreaks on Commercial Cruise Ships: A Systematic Review and New Targets for the Public Health Agenda

et al. 2014

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Noroviruses are recognized as the leading cause of human acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. The rate of outbreaks on cruise ships has grown significantly in recent years. Given the potentially harmful consequences of outbreaks for passengers and crewmembers and the subsequently high costs for cruise companies, disease outbreaks on cruise ships represent a serious public health issue. The aim of our study was to systematically review published studies related to Norovirus outbreaks on commercial cruise ships. We searched the PubMed and Scopus scientific databases. We included eligible studies published from January 1990 to July 2013 that were written in English and described infectious episodes involving at least two passengers and/or crewmembers on a commercial cruise ship. As a result, 15 studies and seven reviews met the inclusion criteria, describing a total of 127 outbreaks. The majority of the cases were reported in Europe and the USA, affecting <1 to 74 % of the embarked passengers. In the majority of the studies, stool samples and/or serum specimens from ill passengers were collected and tested for laboratory confirmation. Twelve studies reported that an ad-hoc questionnaire was administered. Fifteen studies investigated the possible source of infection which was contaminated food in the majority of cases. Our findings suggest a strong need for the monitoring and implementation of preventive measures in semi-closed communities, such as cruise ships. It would be advisable to strengthen all relevant initiatives in order to improve the detection of, response to and control of Norovirus outbreaks on cruise ships.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Norovirus Outbreaks on Commercial Cruise Ships: A Systematic Review and New Targets for the Public Health Agenda

et al. 2014

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“…Molecular surveillance has found that the GII-4 viruses are continuously changing, with new variants emerging every 2 or 3 years (1,2,57,71,72). One hypothesis suggests that the GII-4 viruses might be under selection pressure of the herd immunity, similar to the epochal evolution model used to describe the evolution of influenza (flu) viruses (56).…”

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confidence: 99%

Genetic and Phenotypic Characterization of GII-4 Noroviruses That Circulated during 1987 to 2008

Yang

Xia

Tan

et al. 2010

J Virol

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The predominance and continual emergence of new variants in GII-4 noroviruses (NVs) in recent years have raised questions about the role of host immunity and histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) in NV evolution. To address these questions, we performed a genetic and phenotypic characterization of GII-4 variants circulating in the past decade (1998 to 2008). Ninety-three GII-4 sequences were analyzed, and of them, 16 strains representing 6 genetic clusters were selected for further characterization. The HBGA binding properties were determined by both saliva-and oligosaccharide-binding assays using P particles as a model of NV capsid. The antigenic properties were also examined by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), Western blot analysis, and receptor blocking assay, using P-particle-specific antibodies from immunized mice and GII-4 virus-infected patients. Our results showed that 15 of the 16 GII-4 viruses bound to saliva of all A, B, and O secretors. Oligosaccharide binding assays yielded largely consistent results, although the binding affinities to some oligosaccharides varied among some strains. The only nonbinder had a mutation in the binding site. While antigenic variations were detected among the 16 strains, significant cross-blocking on the HBGA binding was also noted. Sequence alignment revealed high conservation of HBGA binding interfaces with some variations in adjacent regions. Taken together, our data suggested that the ability of GII-4 to recognize different secretor HBGAs persisted over the past decade, which may explain the predominance of GII-4 over other genotypes. Our data also indicated that both the host immunity and HBGAs play a role in NV evolution. While host immunity may continue driving NV for antigenic change, the functional selection by the HBGAs tends to lock the architecture of the capsid/HBGA interfaces and allows only limited variations outside the HBGA binding sites. A potential outcome of such counterselection between theses two factors in NV evolution is discussed.Noroviruses (NVs) have been recognized as the most important cause of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis in both developed and developing countries, affecting people of all ages (13,35,39,44,48,56). They are single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses belonging to the family Caliciviridae. NVs are highly contagious, spreading by a fecal/oral pathway through person-to-person contact and by contaminated food and/or water and usually causing large outbreaks within closed communities in a variety of settings, such as hospitals, nursing homes, schools, childcare centers, restaurants, cruise ships, and the military (11, 63). Human NVs have been difficult to study due to diverse members and the lack of an efficient cell culture and animal model for human NVs. The cloning of the NV genomes (33,36,73) and subsequent expression of the viral capsid proteins in baculovirus and other expression systems (3, 31, 32) have greatly advanced the research of NVs, including host-virus interaction, immunology, diagnosis, molecular virology, and epidemio...

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“…To date, chronic NoV infections have been identified in a range of settings where the immune status of an individual was compromised, such as transplant recipients, HIV-positive individuals, and patients with leukemia (6,13,54,68). In addition, all previous studies of NoV evolution have used only traditional sequencing methods, such as Sanger sequencing (1,14,58,66,71). No study has looked in depth at the intrahost evolution of an acute or chronic NoV infection at high resolution using next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Intra- and Interhost Dynamics to Norovirus Evolution

Bull

Eden²,

Luciani

et al. 2012

J Virol

111

117

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c Norovirus (NoV) is an emerging RNA virus that has been associated with global epidemics of gastroenteritis. Each global epidemic arises with the emergence of novel antigenic variants. While the majority of NoV infections are mild and self-limiting, in the young, elderly, and immunocompromised, severe and prolonged illness can result. As yet, there is no vaccine or therapeutic treatment to prevent or control infection. In order to design effective control strategies, it is important to understand the mechanisms and source of the new antigenic variants. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology to investigate genetic diversification in three contexts: the impact of a NoV transmission event on viral diversity and the contribution to diversity of intrahost evolution over both a short period of time (10 days), in accordance with a typical acute NoV infection, and a prolonged period of time (288 days), as observed for NoV chronic infections of immunocompromised individuals. Investigations of the transmission event revealed that minor variants at frequencies as low as 0.01% were successfully transmitted, indicating that transmission is an important source of diversity at the interhost level of NoV evolution. Our results also suggest that chronically infected immunocompromised subjects represent a potential reservoir for the emergence of new viral variants. In contrast, in a typical acute NoV infection, the viral population was highly homogenous and relatively stable. These results indicate that the evolution of NoV occurs through multiple mechanisms.

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Transmission Events within Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis Determined through Analysis of Nucleotide Sequences of the P2 Domain of Genogroup II Noroviruses

Cited by 55 publications

References 27 publications

Norovirus Outbreaks on Commercial Cruise Ships: A Systematic Review and New Targets for the Public Health Agenda

Norovirus Outbreaks on Commercial Cruise Ships: A Systematic Review and New Targets for the Public Health Agenda

Genetic and Phenotypic Characterization of GII-4 Noroviruses That Circulated during 1987 to 2008

Contribution of Intra- and Interhost Dynamics to Norovirus Evolution

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