Transmission electron and high‐voltage electron microscopy of osteocyte cellular processes extending to the dental implant surface

Steflik, David E.; Sisk, Allen L.; Parr, Gregory R.; Lake, Francis T.; Hanes, Philip J.; Berkery, D. J.; Brewer, P.

doi:10.1002/jbm.820280915

Cited by 22 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In alternative areas that reflected a more mature bone appearance, a thin 20-50 nm electron-dense deposit separated this mineralized matrix from the implant. 9 This appearance appears to conform to normal osteogenesis dogma.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…These cells extended cellular processes through canaliculi towards one another (interdigitating canaliculi); towards vascular elements; and, what is quite important directly to the implant surface. 9 We reported that cellular processes from osteocytes actually extend directly to, and interface with, dental implants. Observations in this report examined these interfacial osteocyte processes in more detail to identify the migration of these processes as they approached the implant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrastructural analyses of the attachment (bonding) zone between bone and implanted biomaterials

Steflik

Corpe

Lake

et al. 1998

J. Biomed. Mater. Res.

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This report presents transmission electron and high voltage transmission electron microscopic observations of bone and associated remodeling tissues directly interfacing with endosteal dental implants. Undecalcified interfacial tissues were serially sectioned from mandibular samples encasing 60 implants placed into 30 dogs. Two-dimensional ultrastructural analyses and three-dimensional stereology showed that osteogenesis adjacent to dental implants is a dynamic interaction of osseous cells and a collagenous fiber matrix. This study showed that the interfacial bone consists of a mineralized collagen fiber matrix associated with an inorganic (hydroxylapatite) matrix. This study suggested that an unmineralized collagen fiber matrix initially is laid down directly at the implant surface, and that this matrix then is mineralized. Osteoblasts interacted with this matrix, eventually becoming encased within developing lacunae during the remodeling process. This process formed the cellular (osteocyte) aspects of the developed bone. Osteocyte processes extended through canaliculi directly to the implant surface. Apparently, these processes also were entrapped within canaliculi during the mineralization events. At times, these processes paralleled the implant surface. The bone-implant interfacial zone was primarily fibrillar (both mineralized and unmineralized) in morphology, with an electron-dense, ruthenium positive deposition. This electron-dense material was approximately 20 to 50 nanometers in thickness, and only this thin layer separated the remodeled mineralized bone from the implant.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructural analyses of the attachment (bonding) zone between bone and implanted biomaterials

Steflik

Corpe

Lake

et al. 1998

J. Biomed. Mater. Res.

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“…In a canine model, early attempts to study the osteocyte processes in relation to the implant surface by high-voltage transmission electron microscopy (TEM) suggested an intimate contact to the implant surface 16,17 . However, the precise location and quality of the interface zone could not be ensured due to their use of a cryofracture technique, where the metal is purposefully separated from the surrounding tissue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Resolution Visualization of the Osteocyte Lacuno-Canalicular Network Juxtaposed to the Surface of Nanotextured Titanium Implants in Human

Shah¹,

Wang

Thomsen³

et al. 2015

ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng.

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Osseointegration is controlled by a number of cellular mechanisms. Although factors governing bone formation are well-understood, the maintenance of bone at the bone-implant interface is less clear. Of some interest is the role of osteocytes, which via mechanotransduction are believed to be responsible for mechanical loading-based remodelling events in bone. Using a resin cast etching technique, we investigated the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network adjacent to nanostructured titanium human dental implants after four years in clinical function. Correlative electron microscopy showed nanoscale osteocyte processes extending directly onto the implant surface. Calcium signal mapping via electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) showed apatite ingrowth into the nanotextured surface, while the apatite platelet c-axis was oriented approximately parallel to the collagen fibril direction. Furthermore, Z-contrast electron tomography demonstrated that natural bone-osteocyte and engineered bone-implant interfaces are similar in ultrastructural morphology. The present ultrastructural observation of multiple connections between osteocyte canaliculi and the nanotextured surface oxide suggests that osteocytes contribute toward the maintenance of osseointegration in long-term clinical function.

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“…The authors speculated that the zone was glycosaminoglycan in nature, although it was not characterized by histochemical means. In later studies, Steflik et al (1994aSteflik et al ( ,b, 1997 observed that retrieved ceramic (alumina oxide) implants were coated with 20-50 nm of electron-dense, ruthenium-positive deposits similar to those seen on titanium. Osteocytes near the interface extended cellular processes which came into direct contact with the thin amorphous layer at the implant surface.…”

Section: (I) Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Proteoglycans At the Bone-Implant Interface

Klinger¹,

Rahemtulla

Prince

et al. 1998

Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine

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The widespread success of clinical implantology stems from bone's ability to form rigid, load-bearing connections to titanium and certain bioactive coatings. Adhesive biomolecules in the extracellular matrix are presumably responsible for much of the strength and stability of these junctures. Histochemical and spectroscopic analyses of retrievals have been supplemented by studies of osteoblastic cells cultured on implant materials and of the adsorption of biomolecules to titanium powder. These data have often been interpreted to suggest that proteoglycans permeate a thin, collagen-free zone at the most intimate contact points with implant surfaces. This conclusion has important implications for the development of surface modifications to enhance osseointegration. The evidence for proteoglycans at the interface, however, is somewhat less than compelling due to the lack of specificity of certain histochemical techniques and to possible sectioning artifacts. With this caveat in mind, we have devised a working model to explain certain observations of implant interfaces in light of the known physical and biological properties of bone proteoglycans. This model proposes that titanium surfaces accelerate osseointegration by causing the rapid degradation of a hyaluronan meshwork formed as part of the wound-healing response. It further suggests that the adhesive strength of the thin, collagen-free zone is provided by a bilayer of decorin proteoglycans held in tight association by their overlapping glycosaminoglycan chains.

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Transmission electron and high‐voltage electron microscopy of osteocyte cellular processes extending to the dental implant surface

Cited by 22 publications

References 25 publications

Ultrastructural analyses of the attachment (bonding) zone between bone and implanted biomaterials

Ultrastructural analyses of the attachment (bonding) zone between bone and implanted biomaterials

High-Resolution Visualization of the Osteocyte Lacuno-Canalicular Network Juxtaposed to the Surface of Nanotextured Titanium Implants in Human

Proteoglycans At the Bone-Implant Interface

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