Transmission Dynamics of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in the Rural Community of Ebonyi State, South Eastern Nigeria

Afiukwa, F. N.; Nwele, D. E.; Uguru, O. E.; Ibiam, Gideon Ama; Onwe, C. S.; Ikpo, Anthea Uloma; Agumah, N. B.; Odoemena, O. F.

doi:10.1155/2019/7596069

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…[25] It has been reported that the frequency of water contact activities such as swimming to increase the risk of transmitting or acquiring the infection in endemic settings. [26][27][28] Acceptability and uptake of praziquantel among primary school children are crucial for the control of urogenital schistosomiasis and for the prevention of long-term morbidity. [29] The study ndings revealed a statistically signi cant association between the uptake of the praziquantel and the prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Urogenital Schistosomiasis and Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Risk factors for transmission among Primary School Children in an urban endemic area of Kinondoni Municipality in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Yangaza¹,

Mushi²,

Zacharia³

2021

Preprint

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Objectives: To determine the prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis and water, sanitation, and hygiene risk factors for transmission among primary school children in an urban endemic area of Kinondoni Municipality in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted between June and August 2020 to determine the prevalence of S.haematobium. A total of 250 urine samples were collected from primary school children, examined for haematuria using urinalysis test strips, and S.haematobium infection and intensity using the urine filtration technique. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on water, sanitation, and hygiene risk factors that could influence the transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 22.Results: Out of 250 primary school children recruited, 13(5.2%) had haematuria, 3(1.2%) had S.haematobium ova, and all were light-intensity infections. Among the risk factor assessed the following were significantly associated with the transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis; type of latrine used at home (p=0.044), frequency of swimming (p=0.030), the children who never swallowed praziquantel (p<0.00), experienced side effects (p<0.00), type of side effects experienced (p=0.037), and reasons for not taking praziquantel in the last round of mass drug administration (p=0.007).Conclusions: The low prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis indicates the ongoing transmission of the disease among primary school children. Frequency of swimming, type of latrines used at home, and non-uptake of praziquantel are the risk factors for the infection among primary school children. Therefore there is a need to provide health education to promote the uptake of praziquantel.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Urogenital Schistosomiasis and Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Risk factors for transmission among Primary School Children in an urban endemic area of Kinondoni Municipality in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Yangaza¹,

Mushi²,

Zacharia³

2021

Preprint

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“…However, from statistical analysis, it is reasonable to suggest that the active age group (11-24 years) may fall more into the secondary education category. In Nigeria, the age group 11-20 years was the most active age group frequently engaging in activities that bring them in contact with infested water bodies [46]. The sex dependent pattern of schistosome infections is widely reported [43].…”

Section: Contrary To Findings In Munyenge Mount Cameroonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis in the Tiko Health District, a semi-urban setting, South West Region, Cameroon

et al. 2021

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Background Increased risk of schistosomiasis in peri-urban and urban towns is not uncommon. An epidemiological survey was carried out in the Tiko Health District (THD), an unmapped transmission focus for urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS), to assess the distribution, intensity, and risk factors associated with the occurrence of UGS. Methods In this cross-sectional survey, 12 communities were purposively selected from four health areas (HAs) (Likomba, Holforth, Holforth-Likomba, and Mutengene) in South West Region of Cameroon between June and August 2018. Consenting individuals were enrolled using a convenient sampling technique and administered a semi-structured questionnaire to document information on socio-demographic and water contact behaviour. Urine samples were examined for Schistosomahaematobium infection using test strip, filtration, and microscopy methods. Bivariate and binary logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictors of infection. Results The overall prevalence of UGS in Likomba, Holforth-Likomba and Holforth was 31.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 28.3–34.8] with geometric mean (GM) egg count of 28.7 (range: 2–450) eggs per 10 ml of urine. S.haematobium infection was not found in Mutengene HA. Infection was unevenly distributed among the HAs, Holforth-Likomba and Holforth being the most and least affected, respectively. The prevalence of infection varied (P < 0.001) among the affected communities, ranging from 12.0 to 56.9%. Infection status of the community related positively (P < 0.001) with proximity to stream (< 100 m), the degree of contact with water and number of improved water sources. Younger age group (5–14 years) [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 3.7, 95% CI: 1.1–12.2] and intense water contact (degree II) (aOR: 5.2, 95% CI: 3.4–8.1) were associated with increased risk of infection. Similarly, significantly higher egg load was observed among younger aged groups (P = 0.02) and those who carried out intense water contact activities (P < 0.001). Conclusions Generally, THD is a moderate risk endemic focus for UGS but prevalence higher than 50.0% was observed in some communities. These findings warrant immediate mass chemotherapy with praziquantel to reduce morbidity. Provision of portable water and health education are proposed measures to reduce and eventually eliminate transmission in the area. Graphic abstract

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“…Acceptability and uptake of praziquantel among primary school children are crucial for the control of urogenital schistosomiasis and the prevention of long-term morbidity [29]. The study findings revealed a statistically significant association between the uptake of the praziquantel and the prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Prevalence of Urogenital Schistosomiasis and Risk factors for transmission among Primary School Children in an endemic urban area of Kinondoni municipality in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Yangaza

Mushi

Zacharia

2021

Microbes and Infectious Diseases

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Background: Schistosomiasis is among the neglected tropical diseases that cause significant morbidity and mortality among the vulnerable population including schoolaged children. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis and risk factors for transmission among primary school children in an endemic urban area of Kinondoni municipality in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted between June and August 2020. A total of 250 urine samples were collected from primary school children, examined for haematuria using urinalysis test strips, and Schistosoma haematobium (S.haematobium) infection and intensity using the urine filtration technique. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on water, sanitation, and hygiene risk factors that could influence the transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis. Results: Out of 250 primary school children recruited, 13(5.2%) had haematuria, 3(1.2%) had S.haematobium ova, and all were light-intensity infections. Among the assessed risk factors, the following were significantly associated with the transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis; type of latrine used at home (p=0.044), frequency of swimming (p=0.030), the children who never swallowed praziquantel (p<0.00), experienced side effects (p<0.00), type of side effects experienced (p=0.037), and reasons for not taking praziquantel in the last round of mass drug administration (p=0.007). Conclusion: The low prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis indicates the ongoing transmission of the disease among primary school children. Frequency of swimming, type of latrines used at home, and non-uptake of praziquantel are the risk factors for the infection among primary school children.

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Transmission Dynamics of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in the Rural Community of Ebonyi State, South Eastern Nigeria

Cited by 15 publications

References 18 publications

Prevalence of Urogenital Schistosomiasis and Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Risk factors for transmission among Primary School Children in an urban endemic area of Kinondoni Municipality in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Prevalence of Urogenital Schistosomiasis and Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Risk factors for transmission among Primary School Children in an urban endemic area of Kinondoni Municipality in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Distribution and factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis in the Tiko Health District, a semi-urban setting, South West Region, Cameroon

Prevalence of Urogenital Schistosomiasis and Risk factors for transmission among Primary School Children in an endemic urban area of Kinondoni municipality in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

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