Translocation of a Stray Cat Infected with Rabies from North Carolina to a Terrestrial Rabies-Free County in Ohio, 2017

Singh, Amber; Chipman, Richard B.; Fijter, Sietske de; Gary, Richard E.; Haskell, Marilyn Goss; Kirby, Jordona D.; Yu, Li; Condori, Rene Edgar; Orciari, Lillian A.; Wallace, Ryan M.

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6742a2

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Washington County, Tennessee, has enzootic north-central skunk RVV, but this raccoon RVV is not considered enzootic in the county; no cases of the raccoon RVV have been reported in the county during the previous 5 years ( 5 ). Phylogenetic data and epidemiologic evidence were used to rule out local transmission and expansion of raccoon RVV into this Tennessee county, which confirmed that extensive mitigation actions were not required ( 6 ). Although the National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians recommends that dogs, cats, ferrets, and horses be vaccinated against rabies before interstate movement ( 2 ), no similar recommendations for vaccination of other captive animals are in effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Translocation of an Anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) Infected with Rabies from Virginia to Tennessee Resulting in Multiple Human Exposures, 2021

Grome¹,

Yackley²,

Goonewardene³

et al. 2022

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Translocation of an Anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) Infected with Rabies from Virginia to Tennessee Resulting in Multiple Human Exposures, 2021

Grome¹,

Yackley²,

Goonewardene³

et al. 2022

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

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“…Of these 9 detections, 2 (22%) were attributed to bat variants that had not been reported to the CDC and 1 (11%) was associated with a data entry error in the state submission file. Of the remainder, 3 were associated with a rabies incursion into northeastern Ohio in 2004 and 1 with a translocated rabid cat [ 25 ]. No explanation was found for the remaining 2 counties.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining County-Level Terrestrial Rabies Freedom Using the US National Rabies Surveillance System: Surveillance Data Analysis

Kunkel¹,

Veytsel²,

Bonaparte³

et al. 2023

JMIR Public Health Surveill

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Background Rabies is a deadly zoonotic disease with nearly 100% fatality rate. In the United States, rabies virus persists in wildlife reservoirs, with occasional spillover into humans and domestic animals. The distribution of reservoir hosts in US counties plays an important role in public health decision-making, including the recommendation of lifesaving postexposure prophylaxis upon suspected rabies exposures. Furthermore, in surveillance data, it is difficult to discern whether counties have no cases reported because rabies was not present or because counties have an unreported rabies presence. These epizootics are monitored by the National Rabies Surveillance System (NRSS), to which approximately 130 state public health, agriculture, and academic laboratories report animal rabies testing statistics. Historically, the NRSS classifies US counties as free from terrestrial rabies if, over the previous 5 years, they and any adjacent counties did not report any rabies cases and they tested ≥15 reservoir animals or 30 domestic animals. Objective This study aimed to describe and evaluate the historical NRSS rabies-free county definition, review possibilities for improving this definition, and develop a model to achieve more precise estimates of the probability of terrestrial rabies freedom and the number of reported county-level terrestrial rabies cases. Methods Data submitted to the NRSS by state and territorial public health departments and the US Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services were analyzed to evaluate the historical rabies-free definition. A zero-inflated negative binomial model created county-level predictions of the probability of rabies freedom and the expected number of rabies cases reported. Data analyzed were from all animals submitted for laboratory diagnosis of rabies in the United States from 1995 to 2020 in skunk and raccoon reservoir territories, excluding bats and bat variants. Results We analyzed data from 14,642 and 30,120 county-years in the raccoon and skunk reservoir territories, respectively. Only 0.85% (9/1065) raccoon county-years and 0.79% (27/3411) skunk county-years that met the historical rabies-free criteria reported a case in the following year (99.2% negative predictive value for each), of which 2 were attributed to unreported bat variants. County-level model predictions displayed excellent discrimination for detecting zero cases and good estimates of reported cases in the following year. Counties classified as rabies free rarely (36/4476, 0.8%) detected cases in the following year. Conclusions This study concludes that the historical rabies freedom definition is a reasonable approach for identifying counties that are truly free from terrestrial raccoon and skunk rabies virus transmission. Gradations of risk can be measured using the rabies prediction model presented in this study. However, even counties with a high probability of rabies freedom should maintain rabies testing capacity, as there are numerous examples of translocations of rabies-infected animals that can cause major changes in the epidemiology of rabies.

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“…North America alone is endemic for multiple terrestrial RABV variants, each being resultant of a host shift event (77). While host shift events may be geographically restricted, the potential for the translocation of the virus through human means remains a distinct possibility and risk (78)(79)(80)(81). For example, the largest epizootic in recorded history resulted from the human-mediated translocation of a raccoon from the south-east of the United States to the north-eastern states (82).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lyssaviruses and the Fatal Encephalitic Disease Rabies

Scott

Nel

2021

Front. Immunol.

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Lyssaviruses cause the disease rabies, which is a fatal encephalitic disease resulting in approximately 59,000 human deaths annually. The prototype species, rabies lyssavirus, is the most prevalent of all lyssaviruses and poses the greatest public health threat. In Africa, six confirmed and one putative species of lyssavirus have been identified. Rabies lyssavirus remains endemic throughout mainland Africa, where the domestic dog is the primary reservoir – resulting in the highest per capita death rate from rabies globally. Rabies is typically transmitted through the injection of virus-laden saliva through a bite or scratch from an infected animal. Due to the inhibition of specific immune responses by multifunctional viral proteins, the virus usually replicates at low levels in the muscle tissue and subsequently enters the peripheral nervous system at the neuromuscular junction. Pathogenic rabies lyssavirus strains inhibit innate immune signaling and induce cellular apoptosis as the virus progresses to the central nervous system and brain using viral protein facilitated retrograde axonal transport. Rabies manifests in two different forms - the encephalitic and the paralytic form - with differing clinical manifestations and survival times. Disease symptoms are thought to be due mitochondrial dysfunction, rather than neuronal apoptosis. While much is known about rabies, there remain many gaps in knowledge about the neuropathology of the disease. It should be emphasized however, that rabies is vaccine preventable and dog-mediated human rabies has been eliminated in various countries. The global elimination of dog-mediated human rabies in the foreseeable future is therefore an entirely feasible goal.

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Translocation of a Stray Cat Infected with Rabies from North Carolina to a Terrestrial Rabies-Free County in Ohio, 2017

Cited by 11 publications

References 3 publications

Translocation of an Anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) Infected with Rabies from Virginia to Tennessee Resulting in Multiple Human Exposures, 2021

Translocation of an Anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) Infected with Rabies from Virginia to Tennessee Resulting in Multiple Human Exposures, 2021

Defining County-Level Terrestrial Rabies Freedom Using the US National Rabies Surveillance System: Surveillance Data Analysis

Lyssaviruses and the Fatal Encephalitic Disease Rabies

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